{"id":13205,"date":"2019-11-05T16:13:33","date_gmt":"2019-11-05T16:13:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/?p=13205"},"modified":"2019-11-05T16:13:33","modified_gmt":"2019-11-05T16:13:33","slug":"fyrstu-maelingarnar-a-sveigju-ljoss-i-thyngdarsvidi-og-fundurinn-fraegi-i-london-6-november-1919","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/?p=13205","title":{"rendered":"Fyrstu m\u00e6lingarnar \u00e1 sveigju lj\u00f3ss \u00ed \u00feyngdarsvi\u00f0i og fundurinn fr\u00e6gi \u00ed London 6. n\u00f3vember 1919"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Fr\u00e1 vinstri til h\u00e6gri: Albert Einstein, Arthur S. Eddington og Frank W. Dyson. Myndir: Veraldarvefurinn.
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Fyrri heimstyrj\u00f6ldin ger\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 verkum, a\u00f0 fr\u00e9ttir af almennu afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenningunni<\/a> b\u00e1rust tilt\u00f6lulega seint til Bretlands. Hinn merki breski stjarnv\u00edsindama\u00f0ur og pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed Cambridge, Arthur S. Eddington<\/a>, f\u00e9kk \u00fe\u00f3 uppl\u00fdsingar um verk Einsteins eftir kr\u00f3kalei\u00f0um og var \u00f3tr\u00falega flj\u00f3tur a\u00f0 tileinka s\u00e9r hugmyndir hans. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir styrjaldar\u00e1standi\u00f0, t\u00f3k Eddington svo a\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00f3be\u00f0inn a\u00f0 kynna f\u00e9l\u00f6gum s\u00ednum almennu afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenninguna.<\/p>\n

\u00cd h\u00f3pnum var vinur Eddingtons, konunglegi stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Frank W. Dyson<\/a>, sem var s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 s\u00f3lmyrkvum. \u00de\u00f3tt Dyson v\u00e6ri ekki s\u00e9rlega tr\u00faa\u00f0ur \u00e1 kenningu Einsteins, benti hann \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1917, a\u00f0 \u00ed lok ma\u00ed 1919 yr\u00f0i almyrkvi \u00e1 s\u00f3lu, sem gengi fr\u00e1 Su\u00f0ur Amer\u00edku yfir til Afr\u00edku. Ef ve\u00f0urfar og a\u00f0rar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur yr\u00f0u hagst\u00e6\u00f0ar, skapa\u00f0ist \u00fearna kj\u00f6ri\u00f0 t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 kanna sp\u00e1 Einsteins um sveigju lj\u00f3s \u00ed \u00feyngdarsvi\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

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Teikningin s\u00fdnir lj\u00f3ssveigjuna vi\u00f0 yfirbor\u00f0 s\u00f3lar samkv\u00e6mt almennu afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenningunni. Heildarhorni\u00f0 er 1,75 bogasek\u00fandur. Helmingurinn stafar af sveigju r\u00famsins umhverfis s\u00f3lina, en afgangurinn er til kominn vegna jafngildisl\u00f6gm\u00e1lsins<\/a>. \u00dar b\u00f3kinni Was Einstein Right?<\/a> eftir C. M. Will fr\u00e1 1986, bls. 74. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nari umfj\u00f6llun um Einstein og afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenninguna \u00ed seinni hluta \u00feessarar f\u00e6rslu<\/a>.
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Dyson l\u00e9t ekki sitja vi\u00f0 or\u00f0in t\u00f3m, heldur \u00e1tti frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 Bretar h\u00f3fu a\u00f0 undirb\u00faa lei\u00f0angur til a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 myrkvanum. Hann f\u00e9kk Eddington \u00ed li\u00f0 me\u00f0 s\u00e9r, enda var hann eini ma\u00f0urinn \u00e1 Bretlandseyjum, sem haf\u00f0i full t\u00f6k \u00e1 almennu afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenningunni. A\u00f0 auk \u00fe\u00f3tti Eddington fram\u00farskarandi stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingur.<\/p>\n

\u00deegar upp var sta\u00f0i\u00f0, ur\u00f0u lei\u00f0angrarnir tveir:\u00a0 Eddington f\u00f3r til eyjarinnar Pr\u00edncipe<\/a> fyrir utan versturstr\u00f6nd Afr\u00edku, \u00e1samt a\u00f0sto\u00f0armanni s\u00ednum\u00a0 Edwin T. Cottingham<\/a>.\u00a0 Dyson skipulag\u00f0i hins vegar lei\u00f0angur til Sobral<\/a> \u00ed Brasil\u00edu, en f\u00f3r ekki sj\u00e1lfur, heldur sendi \u00feanga\u00f0 tvo a\u00f0sto\u00f0armenn, \u00fe\u00e1 Andrew C. D. Crommelin<\/a> og\u00a0 Charles R. Davidson<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Crommelin (til vinstri) og Davidson \u00ed Sobral \u00ed ma\u00ed 1919. Mynd: Observat\u00f3rio Nacional \u00ed Brasil\u00edu.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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B\u00fana\u00f0urinn \u00ed Sobral, 29. ma\u00ed 1919. Fremst eru tveir geislabeinar, v\u00e9lkn\u00fanir speglar, sem beina st\u00f6\u00f0ugt lj\u00f3si fr\u00e1 n\u00e6sta umhverfi\u00a0 myrkva\u00f0rar s\u00f3lar til l\u00e1r\u00e9ttu k\u00edkjanna \u00ed kofanum.\u00a0 Vi\u00f0fangsgler s\u00edvalningslaga sj\u00f3naukans er 13 \u00feumlungar en a\u00f0eins 4 \u00feumlungar \u00ed \u00feeim kassalaga. \u00deegar til kom reyndist s\u00e1 sj\u00f3nauki mun betur.
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Ein af s\u00f3lmyrkvamyndunum sem \u00feeir Crommelin og Davidson t\u00f3ku \u00ed Sobral. Bl\u00e1u \u00f6rvarnar, sem teikna\u00f0ar eru inn \u00e1 myndina, s\u00fdna sp\u00e1 Einsteins um hlutfallslega hli\u00f0run stjarna \u00e1 hvelfingunni vegna lj\u00f3ssveigjunnar. Til \u00feess a\u00f0\u00a0 \u00f6rvarnar sj\u00e1ist n\u00f3gu vel eru \u00fe\u00e6r haf\u00f0ar 320 sinnum of langar mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 st\u00e6r\u00f0 s\u00f3lkringlunnar. Mynd: The Royal Observatory \u00ed Greenwich.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

M\u00e6lingar bresku v\u00edsindamanna \u00e1 lj\u00f3ssveigjunni vi\u00f0 s\u00f3lmyrkvann 29. ma\u00ed 1919<\/a> t\u00f3kust b\u00e6rilega, en \u00farvinnslan t\u00f3k umtalsver\u00f0an t\u00edma. Af \u00feeim s\u00f6kum var ekki sk\u00fdrt fr\u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0unum fyrr en t\u00e6pu h\u00e1lfu \u00e1ri s\u00ed\u00f0ar, e\u00f0a hinn 6. n\u00f3vember. \u00de\u00e1 var kunngj\u00f6rt, a\u00f0 stefnubreyting lj\u00f3ssins v\u00e6ri \u00ed fullu samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00fatreikninga Einsteins og almennu afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenninguna. Fr\u00e9ttin barst eins og eldur \u00ed sinu um alla heimsbygg\u00f0ina og \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 var\u00f0 Einstein v\u00ed\u00f0fr\u00e6gur.<\/p>\n

Miki\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 fjalla\u00f0 um s\u00f3lmyrkvalei\u00f0angrana tvo \u00ed r\u00e6\u00f0u og riti og er ekki \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 endurtaka \u00fe\u00e6r l\u00fdsingar h\u00e9r. \u00deeim, sem \u00e1huga hafa, m\u00e1 hins vegar benda \u00e1 eftirfarandi verk, \u00fear sem jafnframt er v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed frekari heimildir:<\/p>\n