{"id":13685,"date":"2020-03-08T12:47:03","date_gmt":"2020-03-08T12:47:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/?p=13685"},"modified":"2020-03-08T12:47:03","modified_gmt":"2020-03-08T12:47:03","slug":"stjarnedlisfraedi-og-heimsfraedi-a-islandi-i-inngangur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/?p=13685","title":{"rendered":"Stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00cdslandi 1:  Inngangur"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2021\/05\/02\/greinaflokkur-um-stjarnedlisfraedi-og-heimsfraedi-a-islandi\/\">Yfirlit um greinaflokkinn<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00deessi bloggf\u00e6rsla er hugsu\u00f0 sem inngangur og kynning \u00e1 fyrirhuga\u00f0ri r\u00f6\u00f0 yfirlitsgreina um s\u00f6gu <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Astrophysics\">stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> og\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmology\">heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu fr\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Age_of_Enlightenment\">uppl\u00fdsingar\u00f6ld<\/a> til <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Age\">geimaldar<\/a>. \u00c6tlunin er a\u00f0 taka efni\u00f0 fyrir \u00ed afm\u00f6rku\u00f0um sk\u00f6mmtum og r\u00e9ttri t\u00edmar\u00f6\u00f0 me\u00f0 upphafi \u00ed kringum 1780. Jafnframt ver\u00f0ur l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1hersla \u00e1 a\u00f0 setja umfj\u00f6llunina \u00ed samhengi vi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3unina \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avettvangi \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edma.\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 Fremst og aftast eru dr\u00f6g a\u00f0 efnisyfirliti fyrir greinaflokkinn og ver\u00f0a \u00feau uppf\u00e6r\u00f0 jafn\u00f3\u00f0um og n\u00fdjar f\u00e6rslur birtast.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14267 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2020\/02\/Flammarion-300x113.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"621\" height=\"234\" data-wp-editing=\"1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Flammarion-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Flammarion-1024x384.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Flammarion-768x288.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Flammarion-1536x576.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Flammarion.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 621px) 100vw, 621px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size: 10pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">R\u00e9tt er a\u00f0 geta \u00feess strax \u00ed upphafi, a\u00f0 undirrita\u00f0ur er hvorki sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur n\u00e9 heimspekingur og mun \u00fev\u00ed fyrst og fremst n\u00e1lgast \u00feetta verkefni \u00fat fr\u00e1 pers\u00f3nulegum vi\u00f0horfum s\u00ednum og s\u00e9r\u00feekkingu \u00ed stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i. Umfj\u00f6llunin byggir \u00fe\u00f3 jafnframt \u00e1 \u00fdmis konar sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0igr\u00faski, lestri og heimildaleit \u00e1 erlendum sem innlendum b\u00f3kas\u00f6fnum\u00a0 og n\u00fa upp \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0kasti\u00f0 \u00e1 hinum \u00f3missandi (en oft varhugaver\u00f0a) veraldarvef.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Lj\u00f3st er a\u00f0 fyrstu f\u00e6rslunar koma til me\u00f0 a\u00f0 fjalla n\u00e6r eing\u00f6ngu um al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ufr\u00e6\u00f0slu og kennslu \u00e1 \u00e1\u00f0urnefndum svi\u00f0um, einfaldlega vegna \u00feess, a\u00f0 v\u00edsindalegar ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i h\u00f3fust ekki h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi fyrr en talsvert var li\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 seinni hluta tuttugustu aldar. S\u00e1 hluti s\u00f6gunnar ver\u00f0ur tekinn fyrir \u00ed lok greinaflokksins.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd \u00feessu sambandi er r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 minna \u00e1, a\u00f0 sk\u00f3lakennsla og al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ufr\u00e6\u00f0sla \u00ed raunv\u00edsindum eru mikilv\u00e6gir \u00fe\u00e6ttir \u00ed menningu hverrar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar. \u00deeir eiga me\u00f0al annars drj\u00fagan \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 m\u00f3ta v\u00edsindal\u00e6si almennings og almenn vi\u00f0horf til v\u00edsinda og fr\u00e6\u00f0a. \u00de\u00e1 byggir heimsmynd almennings \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edma \u00e1 \u00feessum sama grunni.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>P. J. Bowler &amp; I. R. Morus, 2005: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=t4qX37A4PVwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey<\/a>. Sj\u00e1 kaflann \u201ePopular Science\u201c, bls. 367-390.<\/li>\n<li>P. Bowler, 2015: <a href=\"http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/crossroads\/knowledge-spaces\/peter-bowler-the-popularisation-of-science\">The Popularisation of Science<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>C. Sleigh, 2017:\u201eCommunicating Science\u201c, bls. 378-409 \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=dDclDwAAQBAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">The Oxford Illustrated History of Science<\/a> (ritstj. I. R. Morus).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">.<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>Sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fatja\u00f0ri vestr\u00e6nnar menningar<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Fyrr \u00e1 t\u00edmum voru \u00feeir \u00cdslendingar, sem l\u00f6g\u00f0u stund \u00e1 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lan\u00e1m, a\u00f0eins \u00f6rl\u00edtill hluti \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar. Eftir si\u00f0askiptin (1550) s\u00f3ttu \u00feessir einstaklingar n\u00e6r undantekingarlaust \u00feekkingu til H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn, og \u00feegar heim var komi\u00f0 voru \u00feeir \u00fdmist kalla\u00f0ir <em>l\u00e6r\u00f0ir menn<\/em> e\u00f0a <em>l\u00e6rd\u00f3msmenn<\/em> (\u00e1 ka\u00fe\u00f3lskum mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum voru \u00feeir menntamenn, sem ekki voru biskupar, hins vegar oft kalla\u00f0ir <em>fr\u00f3\u00f0ir<\/em>). A\u00f0rir \u00cdslendingar tilheyr\u00f0u langflestir \u201eal\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0unni\u201c, allavega \u00ed \u00feeim skilningi, sem h\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur lag\u00f0ur \u00ed or\u00f0i\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3li var \u00ed raun h\u00e1sk\u00f3li \u00edslensku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar til 1911, \u00feegar H\u00e1sk\u00f3li \u00cdslands var stofna\u00f0ur. N\u00e1m \u00ed verkfr\u00e6\u00f0i h\u00f3fst \u00fe\u00f3 ekki h\u00e9r heima fyrr en 1940 og eiginlegt n\u00e1m \u00ed raunv\u00edsindum \u00ferj\u00e1t\u00edu \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar. \u00dev\u00ed m\u00e1 segja, a\u00f0 \u00cdsland hafi veri\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fatja\u00f0ri raunv\u00edsindai\u00f0kunar allt fram \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0asta fj\u00f3r\u00f0ung tuttugustu aldar, ef ekki lengur.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>K. Gavroglu, M. Patiniotis, F. Papanelopoulou, A. Simoes, A. Carneiro, &amp; M.P. Diogo, 2008: <a href=\"http:\/\/articles.adsabs.harvard.edu\/full\/2008HisSc..46..153G\">Science and Technology in the European Periphery: Some Historiographical Reflections<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>F. Papanelopoulou, A. Nieto-Galan &amp; E. Perdiguero ritstj., 2016: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=ggrPCwAAQBAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Popularizing Science and Technology in the European Periphery, 1800\u20132000<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Eins og \u00feegar hefur komi\u00f0 fram, fjallar greinaflokkur \u00feessi um s\u00f6gu stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00cdslandi eftir 1780. Ef menn hafa \u00e1huga \u00e1 a\u00f0 kynna s\u00e9r \u00feekkingu \u00cdslendinga \u00e1 \u00feessum fr\u00e6\u00f0um fyrir \u00feann t\u00edma, m\u00e1 benda \u00e1 \u00fdmsa pistla, sem \u00e9g hef teki\u00f0 saman um t\u00edmabili\u00f0 fr\u00e1 si\u00f0askiptum fram til 1800. Einnig hef \u00e9g fjalla\u00f0 um nokkra afmarka\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6tti \u00far s\u00f6gu n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu og tuttugustu aldar og teki\u00f0 saman heimildaskr\u00e1 um stj\u00f6rnulist \u00e1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum. Allt \u00feetta efni er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 n\u00e1lgast \u00e1 vefs\u00ed\u00f0unni:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2019: <a href=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2019\/09\/20\/nokkur-rit-um-sogu-stjornufraedi-og-edlisfraedi-a-islandi-fra-upphafi-fram-a-tuttugustu-og-fyrstu-old\/\">Saga stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i og e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00cdslandi fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum fram \u00e1 tuttugustu og fyrstu \u00f6ld<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Me\u00f0al l\u00e6r\u00f0ra manna fyrir 1780 var <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G%C3%ADsli_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson\">G\u00edsli \u00deorl\u00e1ksson<\/a> biskup (1631-1684). Hann var m\u00e1lsvari <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geocentric_model\">jar\u00f0mi\u00f0jukenningarinnar<\/a>, eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00e1 latneskri disp\u00fatat\u00edu hans <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/10\/02\/fyrsta-prentada-ritgerdin-um-stjornufraedi-eftir-islenskan-hofund\/\">um fastastj\u00f6rnur og f\u00f6ruhnetti<\/a> fr\u00e1 1651. S\u00fa merka ritsm\u00ed\u00f0 er fyrsta prenta\u00f0a ritger\u00f0in um stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i eftir \u00edslenskan h\u00f6fund.<\/p>\n<p>R\u00famri h\u00e1lfri \u00f6ld s\u00ed\u00f0ar samdi <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9Eorleifur_Halld%C3%B3rsson\">\u00deorleifur Halld\u00f3rsson<\/a> rektor (1683-1713) latneska disp\u00fatat\u00edu <a href=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2019\/12\/DeAplane.pdf\">um festinguna<\/a>\u00a0 (1707), sem bygg\u00f0i b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heliocentrism\">s\u00f3lmi\u00f0jukenningu<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4310842\">K\u00f3pern\u00edkusar<\/a> og <a href=\"http:\/\/descartes.cyberbrahma.com\/vortex.html\">hvirflakenningu<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes\">Descartes<\/a> (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nari umfj\u00f6llun um grein \u00deorleifs <a href=\"https:\/\/notendur.hi.is\/~einar\/SAGA\/Kopernik.pdf\">h\u00e9r<\/a>, bls. 267-272). Um svipa\u00f0 leyti disp\u00fatera\u00f0i <a href=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2019\/11\/26\/magnus-arason-landmaelingamadur\/\">Magn\u00fas Arason<\/a> landm\u00e6lingama\u00f0ur <span class=\"st\">(1683-1728)<\/span> \u00ferisvar um tungli\u00f0 \u00e1 lat\u00ednu (1708, 1709 og 1710). Hann l\u00e6r\u00f0i hj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/notendur.hi.is\/~einar\/SAGA\/Roemer.pdf\">Ole R\u00f6mer<\/a> og haf\u00f0i me\u00f0al annars kynnt s\u00e9r verk <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johannes_Kepler\">Keplers<\/a> undir lei\u00f0s\u00f6gn hans. B\u00e6\u00f0i R\u00f6mer og Magn\u00fas voru eindregnir fylgismenn Descartes og a\u00f0hylltust \u00fev\u00ed s\u00f3lmi\u00f0jukenninguna, eins og hann.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14051\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14051\" style=\"width: 445px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14051\" src=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2019\/12\/Geocentrism-262x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"445\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Geocentrism-262x300.jpg 262w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Geocentrism.jpg 570w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 445px) 100vw, 445px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14051\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">\u00deessi mynd af jar\u00f0mi\u00f0juheimi er tekin \u00far \u00edslenska handritinu <a href=\"https:\/\/handrit.is\/is\/manuscript\/imaging\/is\/JS08-0392#page\/165v++(358+af+483)\/mode\/2up\">JS 392 8vo\u00a0(161r-198v)<\/a> fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed um mi\u00f0ja \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0a er til a\u00f0 \u00e6tla, a\u00f0 \u00feetta hafi veri\u00f0 heimsmynd hins d\u00e6miger\u00f0a \u00cdslendings \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma, enda er teikningin \u00ed fullu samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 kaflann <em>Um \u00fe\u00e6r sj\u00f6 pl\u00e1netur og t\u00f3lf himinsins teikn, \u00feeirra n\u00f6fn, n\u00e1tt\u00faru og verkan<\/em> \u00ed r\u00edmb\u00f3kinni <a href=\"http:\/\/baekur.is\/bok\/000835420\/0\/5\/Calendarium_perpetuum_Bls_5\">Calendarium perpetuum &#8211; \u00e6varandi t\u00edmatal<\/a> fr\u00e1 1692 (bls. 100-108). B\u00f3kin s\u00fa er eftir <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0ur_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson\">\u00de\u00f3r\u00f0 \u00deorl\u00e1ksson<\/a> biskup (1637-1697) og var miki\u00f0 notu\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi langt fram eftir \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ldinni. H\u00fan gekk almennt undir nafninu \u201e\u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arr\u00edm\u201c (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/12\/03\/rit-eftir-islendinga-a-laerdomsold-staerdfraedilegar-laerdomslistir\/\">h\u00e9r<\/a>).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Fyrsti \u00cdslendingurinn, sem kynnti s\u00e9r n\u00e1tt\u00faruspeki <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isaac_Newton\">Newtons<\/a> og fjalla\u00f0i um hana \u00ed disp\u00fatat\u00edum, var <a href=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/10\/18\/aflfraedi-i-verkum-stefans-bjornssonar\/\">Stef\u00e1n Bj\u00f6rnsson<\/a> reiknimeistari (1721-1798). \u00deessir fyrirlestrar hans fr\u00e1 \u00e1runum 1758-60 voru, eins og a\u00f0rar disp\u00fatat\u00edur, prenta\u00f0ir \u00ed mj\u00f6g takm\u00f6rku\u00f0u upplagi. \u00deeir voru jafnframt \u00e1 lat\u00ednu og hafa \u00fev\u00ed v\u00e6ntanlega ekki komi\u00f0 \u00edslenskri al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0u a\u00f0 miklu gagni. \u00cd erindi Stef\u00e1ns <a href=\"https:\/\/notendur.hi.is\/einar\/SAGA\/SB_cometae_1758.pdf\">um verkan halastjarna, sem ganga ni\u00f0ur \u00ed reikistj\u00f6rnukerfi vort<\/a>, er me\u00f0al annars fjalla\u00f0 um \u00feyngdarl\u00f6gm\u00e1l Newtons og truflanir og sj\u00e1varfallakrafta af v\u00f6ldum halastjarna. \u00deetta mun hafa veri\u00f0 einn af fyrstu fyrirlestrum um \u00feyngdarfr\u00e6\u00f0i Newtons vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. \u00ddmsir Danir og Nor\u00f0menn, eins og til d\u00e6mis hinn merki fr\u00e6\u00f0ima\u00f0ur <a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/science\/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases\/kraft-jens\">Jens Kraft<\/a>, h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1\u00f0ur kynnt s\u00e9r verk meistarans \u00ed nokkrum sm\u00e1atri\u00f0um og fjalla\u00f0 um \u00feau \u00ed ritu\u00f0u m\u00e1li.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>H. Kragh, 2012: <a href=\"http:\/\/css.au.dk\/fileadmin\/reposs\/reposs-019.pdf\">Newtonianism in the Scandinavian Countries, 1690\u20131790<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c1\u00f0ur en lengra er haldi\u00f0, er r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 minna \u00e1, a\u00f0 \u00e1 ofanver\u00f0ri \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld h\u00e9lt Danska v\u00edsindaf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 \u00fati reglubundnum stj\u00f6rnuathugnum \u00e1 su\u00f0vesturhorni \u00cdslands. Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson (1735-1775) var skipa\u00f0ur stj\u00f6rnumeistari \u00e1ri\u00f0 1772. Nokkrum \u00e1rum eftir l\u00e1t hans t\u00f3k Nor\u00f0ma\u00f0urinn Rasmus Lievog (1738-1811) vi\u00f0 starfinu, sem hann sinnti til 1805, sk\u00f6mmu eftir a\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/landfraedissagai03or\/page\/n257\/mode\/2up\">strandm\u00e6lingarnar s\u00ed\u00f0ari<\/a> h\u00f3fust.\u00a0 Um \u00feessa merku s\u00f6gu m\u00e1 lesa n\u00e1nar \u00ed eftirfarandi f\u00e6rslum:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2017: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/11\/22\/eyjolfur-jonsson-fyrsti-islenski-stjornufraedingurinn\/\">Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson: Fyrsti \u00edslenski stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2017: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/11\/14\/solblettarannsoknir-christians-horrebow-i-sivalaturni-med-thatttoku-eyjolfs-jonssonar-og-rasmusar-lievog\/\">S\u00f3lblettaranns\u00f3knir Christians Horrebow \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni me\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku Eyj\u00f3lfs J\u00f3nssonar og Rasmusar Lievog<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2018: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2018\/04\/22\/rasmus-lievog-og-stjornuathuganirnar-i-lambhusum\/\">Rasmus Lievog og stj\u00f6rnuathuganirnar \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_101\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-101\" style=\"width: 566px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-101\" src=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2018\/04\/turnar_fricc81merki.png\" alt=\"Turnar_Fri\u0301merki\" width=\"566\" height=\"310\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-101\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">Tveir stj\u00f6rnuturnar. Til vinstri: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rundetaarn\">S\u00edvaliturn<\/a> \u00e1 \u00feriggja alda afm\u00e6li turnsins \u00e1ri\u00f0 1942. Stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0in er \u00e1 \u00feakinu (miki\u00f0 breytt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld; sj\u00e1 t.d. <a href=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/11\/22\/eyjolfur-jonsson-fyrsti-islenski-stjornufraedingurinn\/\">h\u00e9r<\/a>). \u00dearna st\u00f6rfu\u00f0u \u00feeir Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson fr\u00e1 1766(?) til 1770 og Rasmus Lievog fr\u00e1 1775 til 1779.\u00a0 Til h\u00e6gri: Stj\u00f6rnuturninn \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum (h\u00f6nnu\u00f0ur fr\u00edmerkis: \u00d6rn Sm\u00e1ri G\u00edslason, eftir teikningu Johns Baine fr\u00e1 1789). \u00dear sinnti Lievog athugunum fr\u00e1 1783 til 1805.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Stj\u00f6rnuturninn \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum er fyrsta og jafnframt eina opinbera stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0in, sem starfa\u00f0 hefur h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. \u00c1 \u00f6llum t\u00edmum hafa \u00fe\u00f3 \u00fdmsir \u00e1hugasamir \u00cdslendingar fylgst me\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnuhimninum og \u00e1hugaver\u00f0um stjarnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum fyrirb\u00e6rum og ekki s\u00edst misjafnlega \u00f3v\u00e6ntum atbur\u00f0um, sem \u00fear eiga s\u00e9r sta\u00f0. Um \u00feetta er me\u00f0al annars fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed eftirfarandi f\u00e6rslum:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2008: <a href=\"http:\/\/wayback.vefsafn.is\/wayback\/20200221162906\/http:\/\/www.raust.is\/2008\/1\/02\/\">Brot \u00far s\u00f6gu stj\u00f6rnuathugana \u00e1 \u00cdslandi: I. Fr\u00e1 landn\u00e1mi til mi\u00f0rar \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2018: <a href=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2018\/06\/24\/halastjarnan-mikla-arid-1858-maelingar-og-hughrif-i-upphafi-nyrra-tima-i-stjornufraedi\/\">Halastjarnan mikla \u00e1ri\u00f0 1858 &#8211; M\u00e6lingar og hughrif \u00ed upphafi n\u00fdrra t\u00edma \u00ed stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2018: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2018\/09\/19\/halastjornur-fyrr-og-nu-1-fra-midoldum-til-loka-sautjandu-aldar\/\">Halastj\u00f6rnur fyrr og n\u00fa &#8211; 1. Fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum til loka sautj\u00e1ndu aldar<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2018: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2018\/09\/19\/halastjornur-fyrr-og-nu-2-atjanda-og-nitjanda-old\/\">Halastj\u00f6rnur fyrr og n\u00fa &#8211; 2. \u00c1tj\u00e1nda og n\u00edtj\u00e1nda \u00f6ld<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2018: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2018\/09\/19\/halastjornur-fyrr-og-nu-3-tuttugasta-old\/https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2018\/09\/19\/halastjornur-fyrr-og-nu-3-tuttugasta-old\/\">Halastj\u00f6rnur fyrr og n\u00fa &#8211; 3. Tuttugasta \u00f6ld<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2018: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2018\/09\/19\/halastjornur-fyrr-og-nu-4-upphaf-tuttugustu-og-fyrstu-aldar\/\">Halastj\u00f6rnur fyrr og n\u00fa &#8211; 4. Upphaf tuttugustu og fyrstu aldar<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cdslenskir s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar komu tilt\u00f6lulega seint a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3un n\u00fdrrar stjarnm\u00e6lingat\u00e6kni e\u00f0a sm\u00ed\u00f0i stjarnm\u00e6lingat\u00e6kja af einhverju tagi. Til skamms t\u00edma h\u00f6fum vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fyrst og fremst veri\u00f0 \u00ed hlutverki notandans \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed svi\u00f0i. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1 til d\u00e6mis vi\u00f0 \u00ed samstarfi okkar um <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/09\/26\/tuttugu-gjoful-ar-med-norraena-stjornusjonaukanum\/\">Norr\u00e6na stj\u00f6rnusj\u00f3naukann,<\/a> sem h\u00f3fst 1997. Af \u00feeim \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um ver\u00f0ur h\u00e9r l\u00edti\u00f0 fjalla\u00f0 um stj\u00f6rnusj\u00f3nauka e\u00f0a annan t\u00e6kjab\u00fana\u00f0 fyrr en s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed greinaflokknum. \u00cd millit\u00ed\u00f0inni m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 benda \u00e1 eftirfarandi heimildir:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>F. Watson, 2004: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=48_k37ShbDgC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Stargazer: the Life and Times of the Telescope<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2008: <a href=\"http:\/\/wayback.vefsafn.is\/wayback\/20200221162906\/http:\/\/www.raust.is\/2008\/1\/01\/\">Fyrstu tv\u00e6r aldirnar \u00ed s\u00f6gu stj\u00f6rnusj\u00f3naukans<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Astronomy#Observational_astronomy\">Stj\u00f6rnuathuganir me\u00f0 rafsegulbylgjum<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmic_ray\">Geimgeislaranns\u00f3knir<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neutrino_astronomy\">Fiseindastj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gravitational-wave_astronomy\">\u00deyngdarbylgjuathuganir<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>Uppl\u00fdsing og al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ufr\u00e6\u00f0sla<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Eitt af helstu einkennum uppl\u00fdsingart\u00edmans var mikil fj\u00f6lgun fr\u00e6\u00f0slurita, sem \u00e6tlu\u00f0 voru leikm\u00f6nnum og \u00fev\u00ed samin \u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tungum \u00ed sta\u00f0 lat\u00ednu, ritm\u00e1li l\u00e6r\u00f0ra manna. Strax \u00ed upphafi \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar var frambo\u00f0 \u00e1 al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uritum \u00e1 \u00feeim svi\u00f0um, sem vi\u00f0 n\u00fa k\u00f6llum raunv\u00edsindi, or\u00f0i\u00f0 verulegt v\u00ed\u00f0a \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu. Mest var \u00fatg\u00e1fustarfsemin \u00ed l\u00f6ndum eins og Englandi, Frakklandi og \u00de\u00fdskalandi og \u00fea\u00f0an barst \u00feekkingin \u00e1fram til annarra landa.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13991\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13991\" style=\"width: 386px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13991\" src=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2019\/12\/Mwolff-172x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"386\" height=\"673\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Mwolff-172x300.jpg 172w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Mwolff.jpg 575w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 386px) 100vw, 386px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13991\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">S\u00f3l uppl\u00fdsingarinnar sk\u00edn \u00e1 mannheima. \u00c1 bor\u00f0anum stendur Lucem post nubila reddit (eftir sk\u00fdin kemur lj\u00f3si\u00f0 \u00e1 n\u00fd) og me\u00f0 sk\u00fdjum er sennilega veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 v\u00edsa til \u201ehinna myrku mi\u00f0alda\u201c. Myndin er \u00far b\u00f3kinni <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=H9MAAAAAcAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Vern\u00fcnfftige Gedancken von Gott, der Welt und der Seele des Menschen, auch allen Dingen \u00fcberhaupt<\/a> eftir heimspekinginn <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)\">Christian Wolff<\/a>. Verki\u00f0 kom upphaflega \u00fat \u00ed Halle \u00e1ri\u00f0 1720 en myndin er tekin \u00far \u00fatg\u00e1fu fr\u00e1 1747.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uritum um n\u00e1tt\u00faruspeki og heimsmynd fj\u00f6lga\u00f0i verulega \u00ed Danaveldi eftir 1760 og var \u00fear b\u00e6\u00f0i um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a rit frumsamin \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku og \u00fe\u00fddd verk, einkum \u00far \u00fe\u00fdsku, fr\u00f6nsku og ensku. H\u00e9r \u00e1 landi birtust fyrstu al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0legu greinarnar um raunv\u00edsindi og t\u00e6kni \u00ed\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/963912#page\/n0\/mode\/1up\">Ritum \u00feess (konunglega) \u00edslenska L\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistaf\u00e9lags<\/a> \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1781 til 1796. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0an fyrir \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00feessi greinaflokkur mun fyrst og fremst fjalla um t\u00edmabili\u00f0 eftir 1780.<\/p>\n<p>\u00de\u00f3tt l\u00edti\u00f0 s\u00e9 h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 fullyr\u00f0a um \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0 vissu, \u00fe\u00e1 hefur talsver\u00f0ur hluti\u00a0 \u00edslenskrar al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0u, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al margir prestar, sennilega lesi\u00f0 fr\u00e6\u00f0slurit um raunv\u00edsindi \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku \u00e1 seinni hluta \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar og \u00ed byrjun \u00feeirrar n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu. Sem d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 nefna, a\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J%C3%B3n_J%C3%B3nsson_l%C3%A6r%C3%B0i\">J\u00f3n J\u00f3nsson<\/a> \u201el\u00e6r\u00f0i\u201c, sem reyndar gat lesi\u00f0 m\u00f6rg tungum\u00e1l, haf\u00f0i kynni af eftirt\u00f6ldum al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uritum \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku, eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00ed hinum \u00e1g\u00e6tu ne\u00f0anm\u00e1lsgreinum hans \u00ed verkinu <a href=\"http:\/\/baekur.is\/bok\/000380271\/0\/5\/Sa_gudlega_thenkjandi_Bls_5\">S\u00e1 gu\u00f0lega \u00feenkjandi n\u00e1tt\u00farusko\u00f0ari<\/a> fr\u00e1 1798:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Derham\">W. Derham<\/a>, 1759: <em>Astro- et physico-Theologie, eller de synlige himmelske Corporers og Jordens utallige Creatures og Naturs Betragtning, til et \u00f8yensynligt og uomst\u00f8deligt Beviis, at der er en Gud til, og at han er det h\u00f8yeste Gode, det allerbeste, allerviseste og alm\u00e6gtige V\u00e6sen<\/em>. (Sj\u00e1 einnig <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=YUo1AAAAMAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">h\u00e9r<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=XtQ8AAAAYAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">h\u00e9r<\/a>.)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Bastholm\">C. Bastholm<\/a>, 1787, <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=A943ngEACAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Philosophie for Ul\u00e6rde<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/runeberg.org\/dbl\/17\/0042.html\">P. S\u00f8eborg<\/a>, 1788: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/soeg.kb.dk\/discovery\/fulldisplay?docid=alma99122647410305763&amp;context=L&amp;vid=45KBDK_KGL:KGL&amp;lang=da&amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine\">Stierne-Catechismus for almindelig Mand<\/a>. <\/em>(Peder S\u00f8eborg var\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0arma\u00f0ur Christians Horrebow \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni sk\u00f6mmu eftir a\u00f0 Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingur fluttist til \u00cdslands \u00e1ri\u00f0 1770.)<em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leonhard_Euler\">L. Euler<\/a>, 1792-93: <em>Breve til en Prindsesse i Tydskland over adskillige Gienstande af Physiken og Philosophien<\/em>. (H\u00e9r m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 enska \u00fatg\u00e1fu fr\u00e1 1802: <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/letterseulertoa00eulegoog\/page\/n4\/mode\/2up\">Vol. I<\/a> , <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/letterseulerond01eulegoog\/page\/n8\/mode\/2up\">Vol. II<\/a> \u00e1samt <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Letters_to_a_German_Princess\">ums\u00f6gn<\/a>.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Af \u00feessum verkum mun b\u00f3k Bastholms hafa n\u00e1\u00f0 mestri hylli, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku og h\u00e9r heima. Me\u00f0al annarra al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0urita, sem komu \u00fat \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn um svipa\u00f0 leyti, voru b\u00e6kur me\u00f0 n\u00f6fnum eins og <em>Den astronomiske B\u00f8rneven<\/em> (1794) og <em>Naturl\u00e6re for Fruentimmere<\/em> (1800). Hvort \u00feessi s\u00ed\u00f0astt\u00f6ldu verk voru lesin \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, veit \u00e9g ekki.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deeim, sem vilja lesa n\u00e1nar um uppl\u00fdsinguna \u00ed Danaveldi og \u00e1hrif hennar langt fram \u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld, m\u00e1 benda \u00e1 eftirtalin rit:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>H. Kragh og fl., 2005: <a href=\"https:\/\/unipress.dk\/udgivelser\/3\/natur,-nytte-og-%C3%A5nd\/\">Natur, Nytte og \u00c5nd: 1730-1850<\/a>. (2. bindi af fj\u00f3rum \u00ed b\u00f3kaflokknum <em>Dansk Naturvidenskabs Historie<\/em>.)<\/li>\n<li>O. H\u00f8iris &amp; T. Ledet ritstj., 2007: <a href=\"https:\/\/pure.au.dk\/ws\/files\/105214895\/oplysningens_verden_kopi.pdf\">Oplysningens verden: Id\u00e9, historie, videnskab og kunst<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00deeir tilt\u00f6lulega f\u00e1u \u00cdslendingar, sem f\u00f3ru til n\u00e1ms vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn \u00e1 d\u00f6gum <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oplysningstiden#Oplysningstiden_i_Danmark-Norge\">\u00fe\u00fdsk-d\u00f6nsk-\u00edslensku uppl\u00fdsingarinnar<\/a>, l\u00e6r\u00f0u frumatri\u00f0i st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegrar stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i, fyrst hj\u00e1 Horrebow-fe\u00f0gunum <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peder_Nielsen_Horrebow\">Peder<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/videnskab.dk\/naturvidenskab\/danmarks-ukendte-astronom-blev-foerst-anerkendt-efter-242-aar-hvem-var-han\">Christian<\/a> og s\u00ed\u00f0ar hj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Bugge\">Thomas Bugge<\/a>. N\u00e1tt\u00faruspekina l\u00e6r\u00f0u \u00feeir hj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Gottlieb_Kratzenstein\">Christian Kratzenstein<\/a> og s\u00ed\u00f0ar hj\u00e1 Bugge til 1806, \u00feegar <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H.C._%C3%98rsted\">Hans Christian \u00d6rsted<\/a> t\u00f3k vi\u00f0.\u00a0 Undurst\u00f6\u00f0uatri\u00f0i \u00feessara fr\u00e6\u00f0a voru hins vegar ekki kennd vi\u00f0 sk\u00f3la h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi fyrr en um og upp\u00far 1846, eftir a\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/mr.is\/index.php\/skolinn\">Reykjav\u00edkursk\u00f3li<\/a> var kominn til s\u00f6gunnar. N\u00e1nar er um \u00feetta fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed eftirfarandi f\u00e6rslum:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2017: <a href=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/11\/05\/magnus-stephensen-og-natturunnar-yndislegu-fraedi\/\">Magn\u00fas Stephensen og n\u00e1tt\u00farunnar yndislegu fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2019: <a href=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2019\/09\/09\/h-c-orsted-bein-og-obein-ahrif-hans-a-islendinga-og-upphaf-kennslu-i-edlisfraedi-og-stjornufraedi-vid-reykjavikurskola\/\">H. C. \u00d6rsted, bein og \u00f3bein \u00e1hrif hans \u00e1 \u00cdslendinga og upphaf kennslu \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Reykjav\u00edkursk\u00f3la<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cd eftirfarandi heimildum m\u00e1 svo lesa um almennan bakgrunn \u00feessarar s\u00f6gu \u00e1 \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu og n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld og vel fram \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 tuttugustu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ingi Sigur\u00f0sson, rtitstj., 1990: <em>Uppl\u00fdsingin \u00e1 \u00cdslandi: T\u00edu ritger\u00f0ir.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Ingi Sigur\u00f0sson, 1994: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/6537491\">Arfleif\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsingarinnar og \u00fatg\u00e1fa fr\u00e6\u00f0slurita \u00e1 \u00edslenzku<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Ingi Sigur\u00f0sson, 2001: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5428378\">Uppl\u00fdsingin og hugmyndaheimur \u00cdslendinga \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ratugum 19. aldar og \u00f6ndver\u00f0ri 20. \u00f6ld<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Ingi Sigur\u00f0sson og Loftur Guttormsson, ritstj., 2003: <em>Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0umenning \u00e1 \u00cdslandi 1830-1930 : rita\u00f0 m\u00e1l, menntun og f\u00e9lagshreyfingar<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Ingi Sigur\u00f0sson, 2006: <a href=\"http:\/\/haskolautgafan.hi.is\/erlendir_straumar_og_islenzk_vidhorf\">Erlendir straumar og \u00edslenzk vi\u00f0horf: \u00c1hrif fj\u00f6l\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legra hugmyndastefna \u00e1 \u00cdslendinga 1830\u20131918<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cd \u00feessum greinaflokki ver\u00f0ur me\u00f0al annars fjalla\u00f0 um flest \u00feau rit um stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00edslensku, sem st\u00f3\u00f0u almenningi til bo\u00f0a \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edma. En \u00e1\u00f0ur en a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed kemur, ver\u00f0ur gefi\u00f0 \u00f6rstutt yfirlit um v\u00edsindalegan grundv\u00f6ll \u00feessara fr\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0ri \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld til vorra t\u00edma. Fari\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur d\u00fdpra \u00ed einst\u00f6k atri\u00f0i \u00ed seinni f\u00e6rslum, \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 vi\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Grunnurinn a\u00f0 heimsmynd n\u00fat\u00edmans<\/span><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Um mi\u00f0ja \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld haf\u00f0i n\u00e1tt\u00faruspeki <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isaac_Newton\">Newtons<\/a> a\u00f0 mestu leyst hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes\">Descartes<\/a> af h\u00f3lmi me\u00f0al n\u00e1tt\u00faruv\u00edsindamanna \u00ed Englandi og \u00e1 meginlandi Evr\u00f3pu. Flest al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0urit um heimsmynd stjarnv\u00edsinda endurspeglu\u00f0u \u00feessa \u00fer\u00f3un, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al hin \u00edslensku. Sta\u00f0reyndin er og s\u00fa, a\u00f0 \u00e1n al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uritanna hef\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 teki\u00f0 mun lengri t\u00edma en ella fyrir hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i Newtons a\u00f0 festa sig \u00ed sessi \u00ed menningu Vesturlanda. \u00dear var h\u00fan svo allsr\u00e1\u00f0andi \u00ed raunv\u00edsindum allt fram \u00e1 tuttugustu \u00f6ld.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13379\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13379\" style=\"width: 611px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13379\" src=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2019\/11\/newton_-300x132.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"611\" height=\"269\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/newton_-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/newton_-1024x450.png 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/newton_-768x337.png 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/newton_.png 1389w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 611px) 100vw, 611px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13379\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">\u00cd mi\u00f0junni er m\u00e1lverk G. Knellers af Isaac Newton fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1689. Honum sitt til hvorrar handar eru myndir af fors\u00ed\u00f0um verkanna <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica\">St\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0il\u00f6gm\u00e1l n\u00e1tt\u00faruspekinnar<\/a> (1687) og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opticks\">Lj\u00f3sfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> (1704).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00cd upphafi \u00fe\u00f3tti flestum fr\u00e6\u00f0i Newtons \u00e1kaflega torskilin, enda var b\u00f3k hans um <em>St\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0il\u00f6gm\u00e1l n\u00e1tt\u00faruspekinnar<\/em> ekkert l\u00e9ttmeti. \u00dea\u00f0 kom \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed hlut \u00fdmissa snjallra n\u00e1tt\u00faruspekinga og st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0inga a\u00f0 kynna\u00a0 hugmyndir meistarans fyrir \u00f6\u00f0rum menntam\u00f6nnum og almenningi. Um \u00fe\u00e1 fr\u00e6\u00f0slu m\u00e1 til d\u00e6mis lesa \u00ed eftirfarandi heimildum:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>M. Feh\u00e9r, 1990: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gewina.nl\/journals\/tractrix\/feher90.pdf\">The Triumphal March of a Paradigm: A Case Study in the Popularization of Newtonian Science<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>S. D. Snobelen, 1998: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S016093279801148X\">On reading Isaac Newton&#8217;s Principia in the 18th century<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>P. Fara, 2002: <a href=\"http:\/\/cup.columbia.edu\/book\/newton\/9780231128063\">Newton: the Making of Genius<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>M. Feingold, 2004: <a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/the-newtonian-moment-9780195177350?cc=is&amp;lang=en&amp;#\">The Newtonian Moment: Isaac Newton and the Making of Modern Culture<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>M. Nauenberg, 2015: <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1503.06861.pdf\">The Reception of Newton&#8217;s Principia<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13853\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13853\" style=\"width: 380px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13853\" src=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2019\/12\/Voltaire_Philosophy_of_Newton-192x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"380\" height=\"594\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Voltaire_Philosophy_of_Newton-192x300.jpg 192w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Voltaire_Philosophy_of_Newton-656x1024.jpg 656w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Voltaire_Philosophy_of_Newton-768x1199.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Voltaire_Philosophy_of_Newton-984x1536.jpg 984w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Voltaire_Philosophy_of_Newton-1311x2048.jpg 1311w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Voltaire_Philosophy_of_Newton-scaled.jpg 1639w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13853\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">Mynd \u00far hinu \u00e1hrifamikla riti, <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=NADCZTPtRk4C&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">El\u00e9mens de la philosophie de Neuton<\/a>, fr\u00e1 1738. H\u00fan s\u00fdnir h\u00f6fundinn, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltaire\">Voltaire<\/a>, vinna a\u00f0 b\u00f3kinni. Himneskt lj\u00f3s \u00feekkingarinnar sk\u00edn \u00ed gegnum h\u00f6fu\u00f0 Newtons og endurspeglast ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 handriti\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00e1stkona Voltaires og samstarfsma\u00f0ur,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet\">\u00c9milie du Ch\u00e2telet<\/a>, sem heldur \u00e1 speglinum. Du Ch\u00e2telet var fram\u00farskarandi n\u00e1tt\u00faruspekingur og\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsnr.2001.0140\">\u00fe\u00fdddi til d\u00e6mis verk Newtons \u00e1 fr\u00f6nsku<\/a>. H\u00fan a\u00f0sto\u00f0a\u00f0i einnig Voltaire vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 skilja verk enska meistarans.<br \/><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ef menn vilja kynna s\u00e9r s\u00f6gu stjarnv\u00edsinda og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir daga Newtons og \u00feau \u00e1hrif sem forverar h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00e1 hugmyndir hans, m\u00e1 benda \u00e1 eftirfarandi \u00f6ndvegisrit:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A. Berry, 1898: <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/shorthistoryofas025511mbp\/page\/n5\">A Short History of Astronomy<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>A. Pannekoek, 1961: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=I1LGdDe0NYcC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">A History of Astronomy<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00deorsteinn Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, 1986-87: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/6535193?iabr=on#page\/n179\/mode\/2up\">Heimsmynd \u00e1 hverfanda hveli: Sagt fr\u00e1 heimss\u00fdn v\u00edsindanna fr\u00e1 \u00f6ndver\u00f0u fram yfir daga Newtons, I-II<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>J. North, 2008: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=qq8Luhs7rTUC&amp;hl=is&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Cosmos: An Illustrated History of Astronomy and Cosmology<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>H. Kragh, 2013: <a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/conceptions-of-cosmos-9780199665143?cc=is&amp;lang=en&amp;#\">Conceptions of Cosmos: From Myths to the Accelerating Universe<\/a>.<span id=\"abstract\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Rekja m\u00e1 uppt\u00f6k n\u00fat\u00edma stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i til ranns\u00f3kna Newtons \u00ed aflfr\u00e6\u00f0i og lj\u00f3sfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00dear skiptir mestu framsetning hans \u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation\">\u00feyngdarl\u00f6gm\u00e1linu<\/a> og notkun \u00feess til a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra, me\u00f0al annars, \u00e1hrif \u00feyngdarinnar \u00e1 jar\u00f0nesk fyrirb\u00e6ri og hreyfingar reikistjarna, tungla og halastjarna \u00ed s\u00f3lkerfinu. L\u00f6gm\u00e1li\u00f0 var jafnframt hryggjarstykki\u00f0 \u00ed heimsmyndinni, sem vi\u00f0 hann er kennd. N\u00e1nari umfj\u00f6llum um \u00feetta efni er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed n\u00e6stu f\u00e6rslum.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classical_mechanics\">Aflfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> Newtons, og \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00feyngdarfr\u00e6\u00f0i hans og <a href=\"https:\/\/notendur.hi.is\/~einar\/Heimsfraedi\/Harrison_Newton.pdf\">heimsmynd<\/a>, bygg\u00f0u \u00e1 forsendum hans um <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Absolute_space_and_time\">r\u00fam og t\u00edma<\/a>. T\u00edmi Newtons var algildur, \u00fea\u00f0 er hann var a\u00f0skilinn fr\u00e1 r\u00faminu (og \u00f6llu \u00f6\u00f0ru) og lei\u00f0 alls sta\u00f0ar \u00e1fram \u00ed j\u00f6fnum m\u00e6li, eins fyrir alla athugendur.\u00a0 R\u00fami\u00f0 var einnig algilt og \u00f3endanlegt, \u00f3breytanlegt \u00fer\u00edv\u00edtt <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/Euclidean-space\">evkl\u00ed\u00f0skt r\u00fam<\/a>. \u00dea\u00f0 var eins og \u00f3endanlega st\u00f3r kassi, heimkynni alls efnis og vettvangur allrar hreyfingar og allra atbur\u00f0a \u00ed alheimi.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deessar forsendur Newtons um r\u00fam og t\u00edma voru grunnur e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed\u00a0 einar tv\u00e6r aldir, e\u00f0a \u00fear til <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Einstein\">Einstein<\/a> setti fram <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special_relativity\">takm\u00f6rku\u00f0u afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenninguna<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1905.\u00a0 Eins og nafni\u00f0 gefur til kynna, eru b\u00e6\u00f0i r\u00fam og t\u00edmi afst\u00e6\u00f0 fyrirb\u00e6ri \u00ed kenningu hans. \u00cd daglegu l\u00edfi upplifum vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 enn r\u00fam og t\u00edma a\u00f0 h\u00e6tti Newtons og \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1n frekari umhugsunar. \u00deetta \u00e1 jafnvel vi\u00f0, \u00feegar vi\u00f0 beitum hinni handh\u00e6gu sta\u00f0setningart\u00e6kni, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu\/~pogge\/Ast162\/Unit5\/gps.html\">GPS<\/a>, sem v\u00e6ri algj\u00f6rlega gagnslaus, ef ekki v\u00e6ri teki\u00f0 tillit til afst\u00e6\u00f0ikenninga Einsteins.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deegar Einstein setti fram <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Introduction_to_general_relativity\">almennu afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenninguna<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1915 gj\u00f6rbreytti hann einnig hugmyndum e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inga og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0inga um \u00feyngdina og s\u00fdndi jafnframt fram \u00e1, a\u00f0 \u00feyngdarl\u00f6gm\u00e1l Newtons gildir a\u00f0eins sem g\u00f3\u00f0 n\u00e1lgun vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur, til d\u00e6mis \u00fe\u00e6r sem r\u00edkja \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni og \u00ed s\u00f3lkerfinu. Hinsvegar er myndin af alheimi \u00f6ll \u00f6nnur \u00ed kenningu Einsteins en hj\u00e1 Newton. Meira um \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed seinni f\u00e6rslum.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13929\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13929\" style=\"width: 601px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13929\" src=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2019\/12\/Einstein1932-33_GW-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"601\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Einstein1932-33_GW-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Einstein1932-33_GW-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Einstein1932-33_GW-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Einstein1932-33_GW-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Einstein1932-33_GW.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13929\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">Albert Einstein \u00ed kringum 1933. \u00cd bakgrunni er teikning af hamfarakenndum \u00e1rekstri tveggja <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_hole\">svarthola<\/a> \u00e1samt me\u00f0fylgjandi <a href=\"http:\/\/wayback.vefsafn.is\/wayback\/20200221162846\/http:\/\/www.raust.is\/2003\/1\/06\/\">\u00feyngdarbylgjum<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/notendur.hi.is\/~einar\/Afstaediskenning\/thyngdarlinsurFermi.pdf\">\u00feyngdarlinsuhrifum.<\/a>\u00a0 N\u00e1nari sk\u00fdringar: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ligo.caltech.edu\/video\/ligo20160211v3\">Stuttmynd<\/a> SXS fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed febr\u00faar 2016.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 eru fleiri greinar e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0innar en aflfr\u00e6\u00f0i og afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenningar, sem hafa veri\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gar fyrir \u00fer\u00f3unina \u00ed stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum tveimur \u00f6ldum. \u00dear m\u00e1 me\u00f0al annars nefna <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optics\">lj\u00f3sfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classical_electromagnetism\">rafsegulfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermodynamics\">varmafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistical_mechanics\">safne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0<\/a>i, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics\">skammtafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomic_physics\">at\u00f3me\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_physics\">kjarne\u00f0lis<\/a>&#8211; og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Particle_physics\">\u00f6reindafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> og loks <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plasma_(physics)#Plasmas_in_space_science_and_astronomy\">rafgasfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Condensed_matter_physics\">\u00fe\u00e9ttefnisfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>. \u00de\u00e1 hafa <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Materials_science\">efnisfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chemistry\">efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> \u00e1samt <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Engineering\">verkfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> oftar en ekki skipt sk\u00f6pum \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 h\u00f6nnun og sm\u00ed\u00f0i sj\u00f3nauka og annarra stjarnm\u00e6lingat\u00e6kja. \u00de\u00e1 m\u00e1 heldur ekki gleyma <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mathematics\">st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0inni<\/a> og vi\u00f0amiklum <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computational_astrophysics\">t\u00f6lvureikningum<\/a>. A\u00f0 auki hefur <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philosophy_of_science\">heimspekin<\/a> \u00e1vallt svifi\u00f0 yfir v\u00f6tnunum, jafnt \u00ed \u00feessum sem \u00f6llum \u00f6\u00f0rum v\u00edsindum.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14520 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2020\/03\/Comics-300x179.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Comics-300x179.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Comics-768x459.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Comics.jpg 833w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>A\u00f0 m\u00ednu mati v\u00e6ri \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f3\u00f0s manns \u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00e6tla s\u00e9r a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa al\u00fe\u00f3\u00f0legri \u00fer\u00f3un stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i s\u00ed\u00f0ustu tveggja alda af einhverju viti \u00ed nokkrum bloggf\u00e6rslum. \u00dear sem umfj\u00f6llun m\u00edn \u00ed \u00feessum f\u00e6rslum er fyrst og fremst bundin vi\u00f0 \u00cdsland, mun \u00e9g \u00fev\u00ed ekki reyna a\u00f0 rekja hina al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu s\u00f6gu sem sl\u00edka, heldur a\u00f0eins glugga \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e6tti hennar sem tengjast beint \u00fer\u00f3uninni h\u00e9r heima. Hins vegar mun \u00e9g g\u00e6ta \u00feess a\u00f0 v\u00edsa \u00ed gagnlegar heimildir um hinn al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega bakgrunn \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edma.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd lokin eru h\u00e9r dr\u00f6g a\u00f0 efnisyfirliti fyrir greinaflokkin, eins og h\u00f6fundurinn hugsar s\u00e9r hann n\u00fana. Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga, a\u00f0 skiptingin \u00ed t\u00edmabil mi\u00f0ast fyrst og fremst vi\u00f0 \u00edslenskan veruleika og umfj\u00f6llunina og \u00fer\u00f3unina h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi.\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 Dr\u00f6gin ver\u00f0a uppf\u00e6r\u00f0 jafn\u00f3\u00f0um og n\u00fdtt efni kemur \u00e1 vefinn. \u00deau koma \u00fev\u00ed ekki til me\u00f0 a\u00f0 f\u00e1 sitt endanlega form fyrr en s\u00ed\u00f0asta f\u00e6rslan birtist \u00e1 \u00feessum s\u00ed\u00f0um.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">* <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2021\/05\/02\/greinaflokkur-um-stjarnedlisfraedi-og-heimsfraedi-a-islandi\/\">Stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00cdslandi: Efnisyfirlit<\/a> *<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yfirlit um greinaflokkinn \u00deessi bloggf\u00e6rsla er hugsu\u00f0 sem inngangur og kynning \u00e1 fyrirhuga\u00f0ri r\u00f6\u00f0 yfirlitsgreina um s\u00f6gu stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og\u00a0 heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu fr\u00e1 uppl\u00fdsingar\u00f6ld til geimaldar. \u00c6tlunin er a\u00f0 taka efni\u00f0 fyrir \u00ed afm\u00f6rku\u00f0um sk\u00f6mmtum og r\u00e9ttri t\u00edmar\u00f6\u00f0 me\u00f0 upphafi \u00ed kringum 1780. Jafnframt ver\u00f0ur l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1hersla \u00e1 a\u00f0 setja umfj\u00f6llunina \u00ed samhengi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13685","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-edlisfraedi","category-stjornufraedi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13685","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13685"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13685\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13685"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13685"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13685"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}