{"id":15025,"date":"2020-07-23T13:06:16","date_gmt":"2020-07-23T13:06:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/?p=15025"},"modified":"2020-07-23T13:06:16","modified_gmt":"2020-07-23T13:06:16","slug":"stjarnedlisfraedi-og-heimsfraedi-a-islandi-2a-timabilid-1780-1870-skeid-newtons-skolahald-althydufraedsla-tidarandi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/?p=15025","title":{"rendered":"Stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00cdslandi 2: T\u00edmabili\u00f0 1780-1870 (a) Sk\u00f3lahald &#8211; al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ufr\u00e6\u00f0sla &#8211; t\u00ed\u00f0arandi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2021\/05\/02\/greinaflokkur-um-stjarnedlisfraedi-og-heimsfraedi-a-islandi\/\">Yfirlit um greinaflokkinn<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Eins og geti\u00f0 er um \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2020\/03\/08\/stjarnedlisfraedi-og-heimsfraedi-a-islandi-i-inngangur\/\">inngangsor\u00f0um<\/a>, h\u00f3fst\u00a0 al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ufr\u00e6\u00f0sla \u00ed raunv\u00edsindum og t\u00e6kni h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi me\u00f0 \u00fatg\u00e1fu \u00edslenskra uppl\u00fdsingarmanna \u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/963912#page\/n0\/mode\/1up\">Ritum \u00feess (konunglega) \u00edslenska L\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistaf\u00e9lags<\/a> \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn \u00e1 \u00e1runum upp \u00far 1780. \u00deegar f\u00e9lagsritin g\u00e1fu upp laupana, h\u00f3f Magn\u00fas Stephensen \u00fatg\u00e1fu fr\u00e6\u00f0slurita a\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/prentsogusetur.is\/leirargardar-vid-leira\/\">Leir\u00e1rg\u00f6r\u00f0um<\/a> og lengi vel var hann eini ma\u00f0urinn h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, sem reyndi <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/11\/05\/magnus-stephensen-og-natturunnar-yndislegu-fraedi\/\">a\u00f0 uppfr\u00e6\u00f0a al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0una um raunv\u00edsindaleg efni<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copernican_heliocentrism\">S\u00f3lmi\u00f0jukenningin<\/a> n\u00e1\u00f0i f\u00f3tfestu vi\u00f0 Kaupmannahafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la flj\u00f3tlega upp \u00far mi\u00f0ri sautj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld, einkum fyrir \u00e1hrif fr\u00e1 <a href=\"http:\/\/descartes.cyberbrahma.com\/vortex.html\">Descartes<\/a> og l\u00e6risveinum hans. Sumir (sennilega flestir) \u00edslenskir hafnarst\u00fadentar kynntust kenningunni \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed n\u00e1minu eftir \u00fea\u00f0, eins og til d\u00e6mis m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 \u00e1 latneskum disp\u00fatat\u00edum \u00feeirra Magn\u00fasar Arasonar og \u00deorleifs Halld\u00f3rssonar fr\u00e1 fyrsta \u00e1ratug \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar. L\u00edti\u00f0 sem ekkert er \u00fe\u00f3 vita\u00f0, hvort og \u00fe\u00e1 hvernig vitneskja um s\u00f3lmi\u00f0jukenninguna og a\u00f0rar n\u00fdjungar \u00ed stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00a0 barst til \u00edslensks almennings fyrir 1780, en l\u00edklega hefur \u00fea\u00f0 gerst me\u00f0 d\u00f6nskum al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uritum, eins og nefnt var \u00ed inngangi.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15270\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15270\" style=\"width: 414px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15270\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2020\/07\/2-Plurality_of_Worlds_by_Fontenelle_1686-191x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"414\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/2-Plurality_of_Worlds_by_Fontenelle_1686-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/2-Plurality_of_Worlds_by_Fontenelle_1686.jpg 509w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15270\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">Franskur l\u00e6rd\u00f3msma\u00f0ur \u00fatsk\u00fdrir ger\u00f0 alheimsins fyrir ungri a\u00f0als-konu. Myndin er \u00far <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=8AEk9cEwHbwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Entretiens sur la pluralit\u00e9 des mondes<\/a> eftir <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle\">B. de Fontenelle<\/a>, vins\u00e6lasta al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uriti allra t\u00edma um s\u00f3lmi\u00f0jukenninguna. B\u00f3kin kom fyrst \u00fat 1686 og var flj\u00f3tlega \u00fe\u00fddd \u00e1 \u00f6ll helstu tungum\u00e1l Evr\u00f3pu (sj\u00e1 einnig <a href=\"http:\/\/articles.adsabs.harvard.edu\/pdf\/1987Msngr..50...40W\">h\u00e9r<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conversations_on_the_Plurality_of_Worlds\">h\u00e9r<\/a>). H\u00fan kom \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku 1748 (og aftur 1764) \u00ed \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frederik_Christian_Eilschov\">F. C. Eilschov<\/a> undir heitinu <em>Samtaler Om Meer end een Verden, Imellem et Fruentimmer og en l\u00e6rd Mand<\/em>. Ekki er \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 einhverjir d\u00f6nskulesandi \u00cdslendingar hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1hrifum af \u00feessari skemmtilegu og vel skrifu\u00f0u b\u00f3k. Auk s\u00f3lmi\u00f0juheimsins fjallar h\u00fan um hvirflakenningu Descartes og hugmyndir um l\u00edf \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum hn\u00f6ttum.<br \/><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00cdslensk umfj\u00f6llun um stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i og s\u00f3lmi\u00f0jukenningu \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rtatugum \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar var bl\u00f6ndu\u00f0 misjafnlega \u00edtarlegum slitrum \u00far n\u00e1tt\u00faruspeki Newtons, enda voru fr\u00e6\u00f0sluritin yfirleitt \u00fe\u00fddd \u00far d\u00f6nsku e\u00f0a bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 d\u00f6nskum fyrirmyndum. Sj\u00e1lf voru d\u00f6nsku ritin a\u00f0 mestu \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingar \u00far \u00f6\u00f0rum tungum\u00e1lum. Hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i Newtons var \u00feegar farin a\u00f0 smeygja s\u00e9r inn \u00ed danska menningu sk\u00f6mmu eftir mi\u00f0ja \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld og \u00fev\u00ed var e\u00f0lilegt, a\u00f0 h\u00fan b\u00e6rist sm\u00e1m saman til \u00cdslands. Eins og bent ver\u00f0ur \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed \u00feessum f\u00e6rslum, voru fyrstu kynni \u00edslenskrar al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0u af kenningum Newtons talsvert litu\u00f0 af hugmyndum Descartes, sem v\u00e6ntanlega hefur ekki au\u00f0velda\u00f0 skilning \u00e1 fr\u00e6\u00f0unum. \u00deetta breyttist \u00feegar l\u00ed\u00f0a t\u00f3k \u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ldina.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, Eyj\u00f3lfur Kolbeins og \u00deorsteinn Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, 2006: <a href=\"https:\/\/notendur.hi.is\/~einar\/SAGA\/Kopernik.pdf\">Heimsmyndin \u00ed ritum l\u00e6r\u00f0ra \u00cdslendinga \u00e1 sautj\u00e1ndu og \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2010: <a href=\"https:\/\/notendur.hi.is\/~einar\/SAGA\/Heimildir.pdf\">Heimildir \u00cdslendinga um heimsmynd stjarnv\u00edsinda 1550-1750.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>H. Kragh, 2012: <a href=\"http:\/\/css.au.dk\/fileadmin\/reposs\/reposs-019.pdf\">Newtonianism in the Scandinavian Countries, 1690\u20131790<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>Sk\u00f3lar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 \u00feessu t\u00edmabili voru \u00e1kaflega \u00f3l\u00edkar \u00fev\u00ed, sem vi\u00f0 n\u00fa eigum a\u00f0 venjast. <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%8Db%C3%BAar_%C3%A1_%C3%8Dslandi\">\u00cdb\u00faafj\u00f6ldinn<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1780 var um 50 \u00fe\u00fasund og a\u00f0eins l\u00edtill hluti landsmanna bj\u00f3 \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.visindavefur.is\/svar.php?id=73186\">\u00fe\u00e9ttb\u00fdli<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.visindavefur.is\/svar.php?id=67695\">Har\u00f0indin<\/a>, sem \u00ed gar\u00f0 gengu \u00e1 n\u00edunda \u00e1ratugnum, ur\u00f0u til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00edb\u00faum f\u00e6kka\u00f0i talsvert \u00ed bili, en \u00e1 \u00feri\u00f0ja\u00a0 \u00e1ratug n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu aldar t\u00f3k \u00feeim aftir a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lga. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1870 var fj\u00f6ldinn or\u00f0inn um 70 \u00fe\u00fasund.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd upphafi t\u00edmabilsins voru a\u00f0eins tveir sk\u00f3lar \u00e1 landinu, <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%B3lask%C3%B3li_(1106%E2%80%931802)\">H\u00f3lask\u00f3li<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sk%C3%A1lholtssk%C3%B3li\">Sk\u00e1lholtssk\u00f3li<\/a>. Su\u00f0urlandsskj\u00e1lftinn mikli \u00e1ri\u00f0 1784 og \u00f6nnur \u00f3\u00e1ran var\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 Sk\u00e1lholtssk\u00f3li var lag\u00f0ur ni\u00f0ur og fluttur til Reykjav\u00edkur, \u00fear sem hann t\u00f3k aftur til starfa 1786, n\u00fa undir nafninu <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%B3lavallask%C3%B3li\">H\u00f3lavallask\u00f3li<\/a>. Sext\u00e1n \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1802, var H\u00f3lask\u00f3li einnig lag\u00f0ur ni\u00f0ur og\u00a0 sameina\u00f0ur H\u00f3lavallask\u00f3la. Af \u00fdmsum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um var a\u00f0sta\u00f0an til n\u00e1ms og kennslu \u00ed \u00feessum alr\u00e6mda sk\u00f3la algj\u00f6rlega \u00f3vi\u00f0unandi og 1805 var \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 leggja hann ni\u00f0ur og stofna n\u00fdjan sk\u00f3la \u00e1 Bessast\u00f6\u00f0um. \u00c1 t\u00edmabilinu 1805 til 1846 var <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bessasta%C3%B0ask%C3%B3li\">Bessasta\u00f0ask\u00f3li<\/a> svo \u00e6\u00f0sta og jafnframt eina menntastofnunin \u00e1 landinu.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15078\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15078\" style=\"width: 584px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15078\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2020\/07\/John-Clevely-Jr._1772-300x188.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"584\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/John-Clevely-Jr._1772-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/John-Clevely-Jr._1772-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/John-Clevely-Jr._1772-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/John-Clevely-Jr._1772-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/John-Clevely-Jr._1772.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15078\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">Brynj\u00f3lfskirkja \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti og n\u00e1l\u00e6g h\u00fas s\u00e9\u00f0 fr\u00e1 nor\u00f0ri \u00e1ri\u00f0 1772. Sk\u00e1lholtssk\u00f3li var sunnan kirkjunnar og s\u00e9st \u00fev\u00ed ekki \u00e1 myndinni. M\u00e1lverk eftir John Clevely Jr.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Allir \u00feessir sk\u00f3lar stefndu fyrst og fremst a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 mennta menn til prests, en n\u00e1mi\u00f0 gagna\u00f0ist einnig sem undirb\u00faningur fyrir frekara n\u00e1m vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. Engar raungreinar voru \u00fe\u00f3 kenndar \u00fear formlega og br\u00fdnustu undirst\u00f6\u00f0uatri\u00f0i talnareiknings a\u00f0eins me\u00f0 h\u00f6ppum og gl\u00f6ppum. \u00dea\u00f0 var ekki fyrr\u00a0 en Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson var\u00f0 kennari vi\u00f0 Bessasta\u00f0ask\u00f3la, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1822, sem st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i (talnareikningur og r\u00famfr\u00e6\u00f0i) var formlega ger\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00e1msgrein \u00ed \u00edslenskum sk\u00f3la.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Janus J\u00f3nsson, 1893: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2319041\">Saga lat\u00ednusk\u00f3la \u00e1 \u00cdslandi til 1846.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gu\u00f0laugur R. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2000: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1982132?iabr=on\">Sk\u00f3lal\u00edf: Starf og si\u00f0ir \u00ed lat\u00ednusk\u00f3lunum \u00e1 \u00cdslandi 1552-1846.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00deegar Bessasta\u00f0ask\u00f3li var fluttur til Reykjav\u00edkur hausti\u00f0 1846, var Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson enn \u00ed fullu fj\u00f6ri og \u00fea\u00f0 var hann, sem t\u00f3k a\u00f0 s\u00e9r kennsluna \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i, auk st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0innar. Hann var\u00f0 \u00feannig fyrsti eiginlegi kennarinn \u00ed \u00feessum fr\u00e6\u00f0um \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Um \u00feau t\u00edmam\u00f3t er n\u00e1nar fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed eftirfarandi heimildum<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2003: <a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?gegnirId=000819528\">Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson og n\u00e1tt\u00faruspekin \u00ed Nj\u00f3lu<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2019:\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2019\/09\/09\/h-c-orsted-bein-og-obein-ahrif-hans-a-islendinga-og-upphaf-kennslu-i-edlisfraedi-og-stjornufraedi-vid-reykjavikurskola\/\">H. C. \u00d6rsted, bein og \u00f3bein \u00e1hrif hans \u00e1 \u00cdslendinga og upphaf kennslu \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Reykjav\u00edkursk\u00f3la<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Heimir \u00deorleifsson, 1972-1984: <em>Saga Reykjav\u00edkursk\u00f3la: Historia Schol\u00e6 Reykjavicensis, 1-4.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_11465\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11465\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2019\/07\/Do\u0301mkirkjan-og-L\u00e6r\u00f0i-sko\u0301linn.-Ma\u0301lverk-Jo\u0301ns-Helgasonar.-A\u0301BS_1200_711-300x178.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"594\" height=\"353\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11465\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11465\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">M\u00e1lverk J\u00f3ns Helgasonar af\u00a0 D\u00f3mkirkjunni, <a href=\"https:\/\/mr.is\/index.php\/skolinn\">Reykjav\u00edkursk\u00f3la<\/a> og umhverfi um 1850. Sk\u00f3linn t\u00f3k til starfa hausti\u00f0 1846 og \u00fear h\u00f3fst \u00ed fyrsta sinn \u00e1 \u00cdslandi formleg kennsla \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i (1846) og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i (1853?). Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2019\/09\/09\/h-c-orsted-bein-og-obein-ahrif-hans-a-islendinga-og-upphaf-kennslu-i-edlisfraedi-og-stjornufraedi-vid-reykjavikurskola\/\">h\u00e9r.<\/a> S\u00e9rst\u00f6k \u00e1hersla var \u00fe\u00f3 ekki l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessar greinar fyrr en me\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2019\/06\/23\/thorkell-thorkelsson\/\">stofnun st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ideildarinnar<\/a> hausti\u00f0 1919.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00deess m\u00e1 geta h\u00e9r, a\u00f0 fyrsti v\u00edsir a\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lan\u00e1mi h\u00e9rlendis h\u00f3fst me\u00f0 stofnun <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prestask%C3%B3linn\">Prestask\u00f3lans<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1847. <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%C3%A6knask%C3%B3linn\">L\u00e6knask\u00f3linn<\/a> var svo stofna\u00f0ur 1876 og <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lagask%C3%B3linn\">Lagask\u00f3linn<\/a> 1908. \u00deessir emb\u00e6ttismannask\u00f3lar voru a\u00f0 lokum sameina\u00f0ir undir hatti <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hi.is\/haskolinn\/saga\">H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1911. Eins og minnst var \u00e1 \u00ed inngangi h\u00f3fst <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1242211?iabr=on\">fyrrihlutan\u00e1m \u00ed verkfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> \u00fe\u00f3 ekki vi\u00f0 sk\u00f3lann fyrr en 1940 og <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/3189485?iabr=on\">eiginlegt BS-n\u00e1m \u00ed raunv\u00edsindum<\/a> ekki fyrr en 1970. Allt fr\u00e1 si\u00f0askiptum og vel fram eftir tuttugustu \u00f6ldinni <a href=\"https:\/\/notendur.hi.is\/~einar\/SAGA\/Kopernik.pdf\">s\u00f3ttu \u00cdslendingar \u00fev\u00ed \u00feekkingu s\u00edna \u00ed raunv\u00edsindum til Kaupmannahafnar<\/a>. Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3li var \u00fear \u00ed a\u00f0alhlutverki fr\u00e1 upphafi, en \u00e1ri\u00f0 1829 kom <a href=\"https:\/\/denstoredanske.lex.dk\/Den_Polytekniske_L%C3%A6reanstalt?utm_source=denstoredanske.dk&amp;utm_medium=redirect&amp;utm_campaign=DSDredirect\">Fj\u00f6llistask\u00f3linn<\/a> einnig til s\u00f6gunnar.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3li<\/span><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment\">Raunv\u00edsindi uppl\u00fdsingart\u00edmans<\/a> t\u00f3ku\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oplysningstiden#Oplysningstiden_i_Danmark-Norge\">a\u00f0 berast til Danmerkur<\/a> fyrir alv\u00f6ru um mi\u00f0ja 18. \u00f6ld, n\u00e1nar tilteki\u00f0 1753, \u00feegar <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Gottlieb_Kratzenstein\">C. G. Kratzenstein<\/a> var r\u00e1\u00f0inn pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed n\u00e1tt\u00faruspeki (e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i) vi\u00f0 Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la. R\u00famum \u00e1ratug fyrr haf\u00f0i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.royalacademy.dk\/da\/Om-selskabet\/Om-Os\/Tidslinje\">Hi\u00f0 konunglega danska v\u00edsindaf\u00e9lag<\/a> reyndar veri\u00f0 stofna\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1hrif fr\u00e1 uppl\u00fdsingunni, en \u00fea\u00f0 var fyrst og fremst me\u00f0 Kratzenstein, sem n\u00fdir vindar t\u00f3ku a\u00f0 bl\u00e1sa \u00ed raunv\u00edsindum.<\/p>\n<p>Flj\u00f3tlega eftir komuna til Kaupmannhafnar gaf Kratzenstein \u00fat \u00e1hrifamikla kennslu\u00f3k \u00e1 lat\u00ednu, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.digi-hub.de\/viewer\/image\/BV043956516\/5\/#topDocAnchor\">Systema physicae experimentalis<\/a>. Upp \u00far henni skrifa\u00f0i hann s\u00ed\u00f0ar einfaldara yfirlitsrit \u00e1 \u00fe\u00fdsku,<span class=\"fn\"><span dir=\"ltr\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=5Lg3AAAAcAAJ&amp;hl=is&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Vorlesungen \u00fcber die experimental Physik<\/a><\/span><\/span>, sem kom \u00ed m\u00f6rgum \u00fatg\u00e1fum \u00e1 seinni hluta \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar og a\u00f0 lokum \u00ed danskri \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00e1ri\u00f0 1791.<\/p>\n<p>Kratzenstein fjalla\u00f0i stuttlega um aflfr\u00e6\u00f0i Newtons \u00ed seinni \u00fatg\u00e1fum b\u00f3karinnar, en hann var jafnframt undir talsver\u00f0um \u00e1hrifum fr\u00e1 Descartes og hinni g\u00f6mlu efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phlogiston_theory\">eldefniskenningunni<\/a>). \u00dea\u00f0 var fyrst og fremst stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ipr\u00f3fessorinn <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Bugge\">T. Bugge<\/a>, sem innleiddi hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i Newtons \u00ed kennsluna, fyrst \u00ed stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ina 1777 og s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ina, sem hann kenndi a\u00f0 Kratzenstein l\u00e1tnum til 1806.<\/p>\n<p>Eins og \u00edtarlega er fjalla\u00f0 um <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2019\/09\/09\/h-c-orsted-bein-og-obein-ahrif-hans-a-islendinga-og-upphaf-kennslu-i-edlisfraedi-og-stjornufraedi-vid-reykjavikurskola\/\">\u00ed s\u00e9rstakri f\u00e6rslu<\/a>, s\u00e1 H. C. \u00d6rsted um e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ikennsluna vi\u00f0 Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la fr\u00e1 1806 og vi\u00f0 Fj\u00f6llistask\u00f3lann fr\u00e1 1829. \u00dear innleiddi hann hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i r\u00f3mant\u00edsku n\u00e1tt\u00faruspekinnar og Newton og hans fr\u00e6\u00f0um var \u00e1 vissan h\u00e1tt \u00fdtt til hli\u00f0ar. L\u00e6risveinn \u00d6rsteds,\u00a0 C. V. Holten, sem t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 af honum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1851, h\u00e9lt sig vi\u00f0 svipa\u00f0a stefnu \u00ed kennslunni og \u00fea\u00f0 var ekki fyrr en \u00feeir <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Christiansen_(fysiker)\">C. Christiansen<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kristian_Prytz\">P. K. Prytz<\/a> t\u00f3ku vi\u00f0 e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inni \u00e1 \u00e1ttunda\u00a0 og n\u00edunda \u00e1ratugnum, sem kennsla og ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed greininni f\u00e6r\u00f0ust \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmalegra horf \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/videnskab.dk\/naturvidenskab\/danmarks-ukendte-astronom-blev-foerst-anerkendt-efter-242-aar-hvem-var-han\">C. Horrebow<\/a> var\u00f0 forst\u00f6\u00f0uma\u00f0ur stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0varinnar \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni og pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00e1ri\u00f0 1753. Hann var dyggur fylgisma\u00f0ur Descartes og a\u00f0hylltist \u00fev\u00ed s\u00f3lmi\u00f0jukenninguna. Fyrirlestrar hans bygg\u00f0ust \u00e1 eigin kennslub\u00f3k fr\u00e1 1762, <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=9rYLbpKbSkkC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Elementa astronomiae sphaericae in usum praelectionum conscripta<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=wekqAAAAcAAJ&amp;hl=is&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">2. \u00fatg\u00e1fa<\/a>, 1783).\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 vekur athygli, a\u00f0 \u00ed b\u00f3kinni er a\u00f0eins minnst \u00e1 Newton \u00e1 einum sta\u00f0 og \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 l\u00f6gun jar\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deeir Kratzenstein og Horrebow h\u00f6f\u00f0u veruleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00fdmsa n\u00e1msmenn, sem komu vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu raunv\u00edsinda \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 uppl\u00fdsingart\u00edmanum: Kratzenstein \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/11\/05\/magnus-stephensen-og-natturunnar-yndislegu-fraedi\/\">Eggert \u00d3lafsson, Bjarna P\u00e1lsson, Hannes Finnsson, Magn\u00fas Stephensen og Svein P\u00e1lsson<\/a> &#8211; Horrebow \u00e1\u00a0 Hannes Finnsson, <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/11\/14\/solblettarannsoknir-christians-horrebow-i-sivalaturni-med-thatttoku-eyjolfs-jonssonar-og-rasmusar-lievog\/\">Eyj\u00f3lf J\u00f3nsson, Rasmus Lievog<\/a> og a\u00f0 einhverju leyti \u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/10\/18\/aflfraedi-i-verkum-stefans-bjornssonar\/\">Stef\u00e1n Bj\u00f6rnsson<\/a> (skv. rith\u00f6fundatali Ehrencron-M\u00fcllers (IV, bls. 150) var Stef\u00e1n til d\u00e6mis andm\u00e6landi vi\u00f0 eina af disp\u00fatat\u00edum Horrebows um stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i).<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fn\"><span dir=\"ltr\">Bugge t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0inni af Horrebow \u00e1ri\u00f0 1777.\u00a0 Eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur sag\u00f0i, innleiddi hann e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i Newtons \u00ed kennsluna vi\u00f0 Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la strax \u00ed upphafi ferilsins, en b\u00f3k hans um stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem bygg\u00f0 var \u00e1 fyrirlestrum hans vi\u00f0 sk\u00f3lann, <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=eoVaAAAAcAAJ&amp;hl=is&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">De f\u00f8rste Grunde til den sph\u00e6riske og theoretiske Astronomie, samt den mathematiske Geographie<\/a>, kom ekki \u00fat fyrr en 1796. \u00deeir voru \u00fe\u00f3 nokkrir, \u00edslensku uppl\u00fdsingarmennirnir, sem l\u00e6r\u00f0u s\u00edna stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i hj\u00e1 Bugge og\u00a0 notu\u00f0u b\u00f3k hans s\u00ed\u00f0ar til uppflettinga. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fn\"><span dir=\"ltr\">\u00dea\u00f0 var svo a\u00f0alkennari Bj\u00f6rns Gunnlaugssonar, <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heinrich_Christian_Schumacher\">H. C. Schumacher<\/a>, sem t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 af Bugge \u00e1ri\u00f0 1815. Hann dvaldist \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00f6ngum \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Altona_Observatory\">Altona<\/a> og \u00ed hans sta\u00f0 s\u00e1u \u00feeir <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erasmus_Georg_Fog_Thune\">E. G. F. Thune<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Olufsen\">C. F. R. Olufsen<\/a> a\u00f0 mestu um kennsluna \u00ed stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15079\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15079\" style=\"width: 585px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15079\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2020\/07\/RRca1850-copy-300x237.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"585\" height=\"463\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/RRca1850-copy-300x237.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/RRca1850-copy-1024x809.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/RRca1850-copy-768x607.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/RRca1850-copy.jpg 1370w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 585px) 100vw, 585px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15079\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">\u00c1 \u00feessari mynd fr\u00e1 1845-50 gn\u00e6fir <a href=\"https:\/\/rundetaarn.1642.dk\/en\/observatoriet\/\">S\u00edvaliturn<\/a> yfir st\u00fadentagar\u00f0inn <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regensen\">Regensen<\/a>. \u00c1 19. \u00f6ld bjuggu a\u00f0 me\u00f0altali 4 til 5 \u00edslenskir st\u00fadentar \u00e1 gar\u00f0inum \u00e1rlega. Linditr\u00e9\u00f0 til h\u00e6gri var gr\u00f3\u00f0ursett 1785, um \u00fea\u00f0 leyti sem sagan, sem rakin er \u00ed \u00feessum greinaflokki, hefst. Hin fr\u00e6ga stj\u00f6rnuathuganast\u00f6\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feaki S\u00edvalaturns, sem t\u00f3k til starfa 1642, var l\u00f6g\u00f0\u00a0 ni\u00f0ur 1861 og starfsemin flutt \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 n\u00fdbygg\u00f0an stj\u00f6rnuturn vi\u00f0 \u00d6stervold.<br \/><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Olufsen var starfandi (extraordin\u00e6r) pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la fr\u00e1 1832 og jafnframt forst\u00f6\u00f0uma\u00f0ur stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0varinnar \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni. \u00deegar Schumacher l\u00e9st 1850, var Olufsen fastr\u00e1\u00f0inn, en d\u00f3 sj\u00e1lfur fimm \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar. Hans \u00feektasta verk eru t\u00f6flur, bygg\u00f0ar \u00e1 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mum \u00fatreikningum \u00e1 g\u00f6ngu s\u00f3lar. \u00cdslendingar\u00a0 \u00feekkja hann \u00fe\u00f3 fyrst og fremst fyrir \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 hann reikna\u00f0i <a href=\"http:\/\/www.almanak.hi.is\/saga.html\">\u00edslenska almanaki\u00f0<\/a> fr\u00e1 upphafi, 1837, til dau\u00f0adags.<\/p>\n<p>A\u00f0 Olufsen l\u00e1tnum, t\u00f3k \u00dej\u00f3verjinn <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heinrich_Louis_d%27Arrest\">H. L. d&#8217;Arrest<\/a> vi\u00f0 sem pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. Hann var fram\u00farskarandi stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingur og er n\u00fa einna \u00feekktastur fyrir a\u00f0 finna reikistj\u00f6rnuna Nept\u00fanus \u00e1ri\u00f0 1846. \u00dea\u00f0 afrek vann hann \u00ed Berl\u00edn \u00e1samt samstarfsmanni s\u00ednum, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johann_Gottfried_Galle\">J. G. Galle<\/a>, eftir \u00e1bendingar fr\u00e1 hinum fr\u00e6ga <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urbain_Le_Verrier\">U. Le Verrier<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deau t\u00edmam\u00f3t ur\u00f0u \u00e1 starfs\u00e1rum d&#8217;Arrest \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn, a\u00f0 1861 var tekin \u00ed notkun <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ind.ku.dk\/om\/observatoriet\/\">n\u00fd stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0<\/a> vi\u00f0 \u00d6stervold, sem \u00fe\u00e1 var \u00ed \u00fatja\u00f0ri borgarinnar.\u00a0 \u00dear var fyrsti forst\u00f6\u00f0uma\u00f0urinn <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans_Schjellerup\">H. C. F. C. Schjellerup<\/a>, en hann t\u00f3k me\u00f0al annars vi\u00f0 af Olufsen sem reiknimeistari \u00edslenska almanaksins fr\u00e1 1858 til 1888.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15110\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15110\" style=\"width: 592px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15110\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2020\/07\/Observatoriet-Illustreret-Tidende-1859-60-300x148.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"592\" height=\"292\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Observatoriet-Illustreret-Tidende-1859-60-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Observatoriet-Illustreret-Tidende-1859-60-768x379.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Observatoriet-Illustreret-Tidende-1859-60.jpg 880w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 592px) 100vw, 592px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15110\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\"><a href=\"http:\/\/wayback-01.kb.dk\/wayback\/20100504132904\/http:\/\/www2.kb.dk\/udstillinger\/astroweb\/observatorier\/oestervold.html\">Stj\u00f6rnuathunarst\u00f6\u00f0in \u00e1 \u00d6stervold<\/a>, sem tekin var \u00ed notkun \u00e1ri\u00f0 1861. \u00dearna f\u00e9kk <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5457421?iabr=on\">Stein\u00fe\u00f3r Sigur\u00f0sson<\/a> stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingur \u00fej\u00e1lfun hj\u00e1 kennara s\u00ednum, pr\u00f3fessor <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elis_Str%C3%B6mgren\">Elis Str\u00f6mgren<\/a>, \u00e1 \u00feri\u00f0ja \u00e1ratug tuttugustu aldar.\u00a0 Teikning: Illustreret Tidende.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2017: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/11\/05\/magnus-stephensen-og-natturunnar-yndislegu-fraedi\/\"> Magn\u00fas Stephensen og n\u00e1tt\u00farunnar yndislegu fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2019:\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2019\/09\/09\/h-c-orsted-bein-og-obein-ahrif-hans-a-islendinga-og-upphaf-kennslu-i-edlisfraedi-og-stjornufraedi-vid-reykjavikurskola\/\">H. C. \u00d6rsted, bein og \u00f3bein \u00e1hrif hans \u00e1 \u00cdslendinga og upphaf kennslu \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Reykjav\u00edkursk\u00f3la<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2003: <a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?gegnirId=000819528\">Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson og n\u00e1tt\u00faruspekin \u00ed Nj\u00f3lu<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2018: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2018\/06\/02\/nutima-raunvisindi-a-islandi-fyrstu-skrefin\/\">N\u00fat\u00edma raunv\u00edsindi \u00e1 \u00cdslandi: Fyrstu skrefin<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2019: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2019\/06\/23\/thorkell-thorkelsson\/\">\u00deorkell \u00deorkelsson e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur, a\u00f0koma hans a\u00f0 stofnun st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ideildar og greinin um afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenninguna<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0C. Thykier ritstj., 1990:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dba.dk\/dansk-astronomi-gennem\/id-1005709642\/\"> Dansk astronomi gennem firehundrede \u00e5r 1-3.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>A\u00f0algeir Kristj\u00e1nsson, 1999: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1954938?iabr=on\">N\u00fa heilsar \u00fe\u00e9r \u00e1 Hafnarsl\u00f3\u00f0: \u00c6vir og \u00f6rl\u00f6g \u00ed h\u00f6fu\u00f0borg \u00cdslands 1800-1850.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gu\u00f0j\u00f3n Fri\u00f0riksson &amp; J\u00f3n \u00de. \u00de\u00f3r, 2013: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/6067216?iabr=on\">Kaupmannah\u00f6fn sem h\u00f6fu\u00f0borg \u00cdslands.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0urit \u00e1 \u00edslensku<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00de\u00e1 er loksins komi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00edta n\u00e1nar \u00e1 fyrstu \u00edslensku fr\u00e6\u00f0sluritin um \u00feau fr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem eru vi\u00f0fangsefni \u00feessara pistla. H\u00e9r fyrir ne\u00f0an er skr\u00e1 yfir flest, ef ekki \u00f6ll sl\u00edk rit, sem komu \u00e1 prenti \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1780 til 1870 (skr\u00e1na m\u00e1 einnig finna <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2020\/07\/15\/stjarnedlisfraedi-og-heimsfraedi-urval-althydurita-a-islensku-a-timabilinu-1780-1960\/\">h\u00e9r<\/a>.). Verkin\u00a0 fjalla anna\u00f0hvort um hina v\u00edsindalegu heimsmynd, e\u00f0a taka fyrir \u00fe\u00e6tti, sem l\u00edta m\u00e1 \u00e1 sem hluta af hef\u00f0bundinni stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00dear er \u00fev\u00ed hvorki a\u00f0 finna alman\u00f6k n\u00e9 r\u00edmb\u00e6kur. Ekki heldur sk\u00fdrslur um m\u00e6lingar af \u00fev\u00ed tagi, sem <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2018\/04\/22\/rasmus-lievog-og-stjornuathuganirnar-i-lambhusum\/\">Rasmus Lievog stunda\u00f0i \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum<\/a> \u00ed upphafi t\u00edmabilsins, e\u00f0a rit um sta\u00f0ar\u00e1kvar\u00f0anir, strandm\u00e6lingar og landm\u00e6lingar.<\/p>\n<p>Lesendum til \u00fe\u00e6ginda eru settir tenglar \u00ed \u00f6ll verkin \u00ed skr\u00e1nni og \u00e1hugasamir eru eindregi\u00f0 hvattir til a\u00f0 kynna s\u00e9r a\u00f0 minnsta kosti einhver \u00feeirra. \u00deau eru flest mun \u00e1hugaver\u00f0ari en margir kynnu a\u00f0 halda.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd \u00feessum pistlum ver\u00f0ur hvorki\u00a0 r\u00e6tt um efni ritanna, n\u00e9 almennt um\u00a0 \u00feau \u00feekkingaratri\u00f0i, sem \u00fear koma vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu. \u00cd sta\u00f0inn ver\u00f0ur l\u00f6g\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6k \u00e1hersla \u00e1 a\u00f0 fjalla um \u00fe\u00e6tti, sem a\u00f0 mati f\u00e6rsluh\u00f6fundar\u00a0 skipta mestu m\u00e1li hverju sinni. \u00c1 t\u00edmabilinu 1780 til 1870 er \u00fea\u00f0 einkum tvennt, sem stendur upp \u00far: Annars vegar umfj\u00f6llunin um \u00feyngdarl\u00f6gm\u00e1li\u00f0 og notkun \u00feess til a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra \u00fdmis fyrirb\u00e6ri\u00a0 \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0u sem \u00e1 himni. Hins vegar n\u00fdjar hugmyndir um ger\u00f0 og \u00fer\u00f3un alheimsins og athuganir \u00feeim tengdar.\u00a0 Fyrra atri\u00f0i\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur teki\u00f0 n\u00e1nar fyrir \u00ed <span style=\"color: #333333\">f\u00e6rslum <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2020\/08\/30\/stjarnedlisfraedi-og-heimsfraedi-a-islandi-2-timabilid-1780-1870-b-stjarnedlisfraedi-fyrir-daga-newtons\/\">2b<\/a> og <span style=\"color: #00ff00\">2c <\/span><\/span>og hi\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ara \u00ed <span style=\"color: #00ff00\"><span style=\"color: #333333\">f\u00e6rslu<\/span> 2d<\/span>.\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 En h\u00e9r kemur skr\u00e1in:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0urit um stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i 1780-1870:<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anton_Friedrich_B%C3%BCsching\">A. F. B\u00fcsching<\/a>, 1782: <a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=964476\">Um himininn og Um j\u00f8rdina<\/a>. Fyrstu tveir kaflarnir \u00ed <em>Undirvisan \u00ed N\u00e1tt\u00faruhistoriunni fyrir \u00fe\u00e1, sem annathvert alz eckert edr l\u00edtit vita af henni<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ismus.is\/i\/person\/uid-20b47f1b-d300-44c8-b0d5-ca2e4fb7f7e3\">Gu\u00f0mundur \u00deorgr\u00edmsson<\/a> \u00fe\u00fdddi. <em>Rit \u00feess Islenzka L\u00e6rd\u00f3ms-Lista Felags, Annat Bindini,<\/em> bls. 232-244.<\/li>\n<li>Magn\u00fas Stephensen, 1783: <a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=964679\">Um meteora, edr Vedr\u00e1ttufar, Loptsj\u00f3nir og adra n\u00e1tt\u00farliga tilburdi \u00e1 si\u00f3 og landi<\/a>. <em>Rit \u00feess Islenzka L\u00e6rd\u00f3ms-Lista Felags, \u00deridja Bindini<\/em>, bls. 122-192.<\/li>\n<li>Hannes Finnsson, 1797: <a href=\"http:\/\/baekur.is\/bok\/000160591\/2\/57\/Kvoldvokurnar_Bindi_2_Bls_57\">Um hala-stj\u00f8rnur<\/a>. <em>Qv\u00f8ld-v\u00f8kurnar 1794 &#8211;\u00a0 Sidari Parturinn<\/em>, bls. 45-58.<\/li>\n<li>Magn\u00fas Stephensen, 1797: <a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=970277\">Alstyrndi Himininn<\/a> og\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=970302\">Vorir S\u00f3lheimar<\/a>. <em>Sk\u00e9mtileg Vina-Gledi \u00ed fr\u00f3\u00f0legum Samr\u00e6dum og Li\u00f3dm\u00e6lum, I. Bindinni<\/em>, bls. 28-69.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Frederik_Suhm\">P. F. Suhm<\/a>, 1798: <em>Heimsins Bygging<\/em>. Fyrri hluti ritsins <a href=\"http:\/\/baekur.is\/bok\/000380271\/0\/5\/Sa_gudlega_thenkjandi_Bls_5\">S\u00e1 gudlega \u00feenkjandi N\u00e1tt\u00faru-sko\u00f0ari, \u00fead er Hugleiding yfir Bygg\u00edngu Heimsins, edur Handaverk Guds \u00e1 Himni og J\u00f8r\u00f0u. Asamt annari Hugleidingu um Dygdina<\/a>, Bls. 1-140\u00a0 (stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0in\u00a0 er \u00e1 bls. 95-123). \u00de\u00fd\u00f0andi <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J%C3%B3n_J%C3%B3nsson_l%C3%A6r%C3%B0i\">J\u00f3n J\u00f3nsson<\/a>, sem jafnframt samdi ne\u00f0anm\u00e1lsgreinar.<\/li>\n<li>Gunnlaugur Oddsson, Gr\u00edmur J\u00f3nsson og \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur Sveinbj\u00f6rnsson, 1821:\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/baekur.is\/bok\/000144122\/Almenn\">Almenn landaskipunarfr\u00e6di. Fyrri partrinn<\/a>, bls. 3 &#8211; 77.<\/li>\n<li>Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson, 1828: <a href=\"https:\/\/baekur.is\/bok\/000609981\/Solemnia\">Nockrar einfaldar Reglur til a\u00f0 \u00fatreikna T\u00fanglsins G\u00e1ng<\/a>. <em>Solemnia scholastica ad celebrandum diem XXVIII Januarii MDCCCXXVIII regi norstro augustissimo Frederico Sexto natalem habenda die III Februarii MDCCCXXVIII hocce libello indicunt Schol\u00e6 Bessastadensis magistri.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>J\u00f3nas Hallgr\u00edmsson, 1835: <a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=2012172\">Um e\u00f0li og uppruna jar\u00f0arinnar.<\/a> <em>Fj\u00f6lnir<\/em>, 1, bls. 99-136.<\/li>\n<li>Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson, 1836: <a href=\"https:\/\/baekur.is\/bok\/000609945\/Skolahatid\">T\u00f8blur yfir S\u00f3laruppkomu, S\u00f3larlag, D\u00f6gun og Dagsetur fyrir \u00ferj\u00e1 Islands jafnfarabauga: vid\u00a0 64<sup>o<\/sup>\u00a0 65<sup>o<\/sup>\u00a0 66<sup>o<\/sup>\u00a0 og Sj\u00f3ndeildarhringsins Geislabrot 32&#8217;50&#8221;<\/a>. <em>Sk\u00f3la-h\u00e1t\u00edd \u00ed Minn\u00edngu F\u00e6d\u00edngardags vors allran\u00e1dugasta Kon\u00fangs Fridriks Sj\u00f8tta, \u00feann 28. Jan\u00faar\u00ed\u00ed 1836, er haldin verdur \u00feann 31ta Jan\u00faar\u00ed\u00ed 1836, bodud af K\u00e9nnurum Bessastada Sk\u00f3la.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson, 1842: <a href=\"https:\/\/baekur.is\/bok\/000035813\/Bodsrit\">Nj\u00f3la, edur audveld skodun himinsins, med \u00fear af flj\u00f3tandi hugleid\u00edngum um h\u00e1tign Guds og alheims \u00e1formid, eda hans tilg\u00e1ng med heiminn<\/a>. <em>Bodsrit til ad hlusta \u00e1 \u00de\u00e1 opinberu yfirheyrslu \u00ed Bessastada Sk\u00f3la \u00feann 23-28 Maji 1842<\/em>, bls. 5-105. Lj\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 kom \u00fat aftur 1853 \u00f6rl\u00edti\u00f0 breytt og \u00ed \u00feri\u00f0ja sinn 1884.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G.F._Ursin\">G. F. Ursin<\/a>, 1842: <a href=\"https:\/\/baekur.is\/bok\/000402495\/Stjornufraedi__lett_og_handa\">Stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6di, ljett og handa al\u00fe\u00eddu<\/a>. \u00de\u00fd\u00f0ing J\u00f3nasar Hallgr\u00edmssonar \u00e1 b\u00f3kinni <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=89YyAQAAMAAJ&amp;hl=is&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Popul\u00e6rt Foredrag over Astronomien<\/a> fr\u00e1 1838. Sj\u00e1 einnig grein Bjarna Vilhj\u00e1lmssonar, 1944: <a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?gegnirId=000508643\">N\u00fdyr\u00f0i \u00ed Stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i Ursins<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C.A._Schumacher\">C. A. Schumacher<\/a>, 1843: <a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=2012829\">Um fl\u00f3\u00f0 og fj\u00f6ru<\/a>. <em>Fj\u00f6lnir<\/em>, 6, bls. 44-54. \u00de\u00fd\u00f0andi J\u00f3nas Hallgr\u00edmsson, sem jafnframt samdi s\u00ed\u00f0asta hluta greinarinnar.<\/li>\n<li>Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson, 1845-46:\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/baekur.is\/bok\/000035816\/Bodsrit_til_ad_hlusta_a_tha\">Lei\u00f0arv\u00edsir til a\u00f0 \u00feekkja stj\u00f6rnur. Fyrri parturinn<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/baekur.is\/bok\/000035817\/Bodsrit_til_ad_hlusta_a_ena\">Sidari parturinn<\/a>. <em>Bodsrit <\/em>[&#8230;] <em>Bessastadask\u00f3la <\/em>[&#8230;] <em>1845<\/em> (bls. 1-68) og <em>1846<\/em> (bls. 1-99).<\/li>\n<li>Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson, 1849: <a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=2021474\">Um \u00fe\u00fdngd reikistjarnanna (pl\u00e1neta)<\/a>. Reykjav\u00edkurp\u00f3sturinn, 3, Nr. 4, bls. 62-65.<\/li>\n<li>J. G. Fischer, 1852: <em>E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/em>. \u00de\u00fd\u00f0andi Magn\u00fas Gr\u00edmsson. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nari umfj\u00f6llun <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2019\/11\/25\/edlisfraedi-fischers-fyrsta-edlisfraedibokin-sem-kom-ut-a-islensku\/\">\u00ed \u00feessari f\u00e6rslu<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>J\u00f3n Thorlac\u00edus, 1855: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=t9oMAAAAYAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Stundatal eptir stj\u00f6rnum og tungli<\/a>. Sj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2023767?iabr=on\">ums\u00f6gn<\/a> Bj\u00f6rns Gunnlaugssonar um verki\u00f0 \u00ed \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0\u00f3lfi 1858.<\/li>\n<li>Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson, 1858: <a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=2023785\">Halastjarnan 1858<\/a>. Sj\u00e1 einnig <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2018\/06\/24\/halastjarnan-mikla-arid-1858-maelingar-og-hughrif-i-upphafi-nyrra-tima-i-stjornufraedi\/\">h\u00e9r<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=2214303\">P\u00e1ll Sveinsson<\/a>, 1860: <a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=2037676\">Alheimurinn<\/a>. <em>N\u00fd sumargj\u00f6f<\/em>, 2, bls. 90-100.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15356\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15356\" style=\"width: 541px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15356\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2020\/07\/1861-62-300x189.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/1861-62-300x189.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/1861-62.jpg 583w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15356\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">\u00cdslenskt ba\u00f0stoful\u00edf \u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld. Teikningin er sennilega eftir danska listamanninn A. Schi\u00f8tt og fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1861. \u00c9g get vel \u00edmynda\u00f0 m\u00e9r, a\u00f0 ungi ma\u00f0urinn \u00e1 myndinni s\u00e9 anna\u00f0hvort a\u00f0 glugga \u00ed <em>Stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/em> Ursins e\u00f0a <em>Nj\u00f3lu<\/em> Bj\u00f6rns Gunnlaugssonar.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00c1\u00f0ur en lengra er haldi\u00f0 og fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a um \u00e1hrif Newtons og l\u00e6risveina hans \u00e1 \u00fer\u00f3un stjarnv\u00edsinda, er vi\u00f0 h\u00e6fi a\u00f0 fara nokkrum or\u00f0um um <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copernican_heliocentrism\">s\u00f3lmi\u00f0jukenninginguna<\/a> og hvernig fjalla\u00f0 var um hana \u00ed fyrstu \u00edslensku fr\u00e6\u00f0sluritunum. Jafnframt ver\u00f0ur minnst \u00e1 nokkur \u00f6nnur atri\u00f0i, sem l\u00edtil \u00e1hersla ver\u00f0ur l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0ari f\u00e6rslum.<\/p>\n<p>Eftir \u00fev\u00ed, sem \u00e9g veit best, var fyrst minnst \u00e1\u00a0 s\u00f3lmi\u00f0juheiminn \u00e1 prenti \u00ed upphafi\u00a0 b\u00f3kar B\u00fcschings um <em>N\u00e1tt\u00faruhistor\u00eduna <\/em>fr\u00e1 1782 (sj\u00e1 ritaskr\u00e1na). \u00dear segir me\u00f0al annars \u00e1 bls. 238-39:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>B\u00e6\u00f0i j\u00f6r\u00f0in og t\u00fanglit eru medal <em>[&#8230;]<\/em> Pl\u00e1neta; \u00feiggja allar \u00feessar si\u00f6 ad t\u00f6lu hita og birtu af s\u00f3lunni. \u00deess er eigi getit \u00ed heilagri ritningu hv\u00f6rt j\u00f6rd g\u00e1ngi um kr\u00edng s\u00f3lu, edr s\u00f3l um kr\u00edng j\u00f6rdu, h\u00fan er eigi helldr ritut til ad fr\u00e6da menn \u00e1 \u00feessh\u00e1ttar v\u00edsindum; og \u00fe\u00f3tt h\u00fan \u00e1 ymsum st\u00f6dum greini nockut \u00fearum, er \u00feat \u00e6tid eptir mannligu \u00e1liti med almennum talsh\u00e1ttum framsett.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1 \u00fev\u00ed er einginn efi, at Pl\u00e1neturnar Saturnus, Jupiter, Mars, Venus og Mercurius hlaupa \u00ed st\u00f3rum hr\u00edng umhverfis s\u00f3lina. \u00deat er og tr\u00faligt at j\u00f6rdin og t\u00fanglit g\u00e1ngi um kr\u00edng hana, og at h\u00fan s\u00e9 \u00ed midju \u00feeirra allra.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>S\u00ed\u00f0ar (\u00e1 bls. 240) kemur jafnframt fram, a\u00f0 \u201e<em>jar\u00f0arhn\u00f6tturinn sn\u00fdst um kr\u00edng sj\u00e1lfan sig, sem hann l\u00e9ki \u00e1 \u00e1si, \u00e1 24 kluckustundum.<\/em>\u201c Sem kunnugt er, var \u00feetta mikilv\u00e6gt atri\u00f0i \u00ed kenningu K\u00f3pern\u00edkusar.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cdslenska \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingin \u00e1 b\u00f3k B\u00fcschings er bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 danskri \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu fr\u00e1 1778, sem aftur er bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fe\u00fdsku frum\u00fatg\u00e1funni fr\u00e1 1776. \u00dea\u00f0 vekur nokkra athygli n\u00fat\u00edmannsins, hversu varlega h\u00f6fundurinn talar um s\u00f3lmi\u00f0juhugmyndina. En eins og\u00a0 n\u00e1nar er fjalla\u00f0 um h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ne\u00f0an, gefur \u00feessi framsetning fyrst og fremst hugmynd um t\u00ed\u00f0arandann \u00ed lok \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar.\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 \u00c1 textanum m\u00e1 einnig sj\u00e1, a\u00f0 ekki\u00a0 hefur gefist t\u00edmi til a\u00f0 koma uppl\u00fdsingum um\u00a0 fund \u00daranusar (\u00e1ri\u00f0 1781) inn \u00ed \u00edslensku \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0inguna.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd ritger\u00f0um Magn\u00fasar Stephensen fr\u00e1 1797 er s\u00f3lmi\u00f0jukenningin einnig til umr\u00e6\u00f0u. Eftir fj\u00f6rugar r\u00f6kr\u00e6\u00f0ur um jar\u00f0mi\u00f0juhugmyndina \u00ed <em>Alstirnda himninum<\/em> segir \u00e1 bls. 40:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Hin meiningin um jardarinnar g\u00e1ng og kyrrd s\u00f3lar er n\u00fa ekki ein\u00fangis af l\u00e6rdum m\u00f6nnum v\u00eddast um heiminn vidtekin, eins af mestu gudfr\u00e6dism\u00f6nnum, heldur og stadfesta hana \u00e1rlega allra stj\u00f6rnuv\u00edsra athugasemdir og reikn\u00edngar <em>[&#8230;]<\/em> svo ecki hallar dryckl\u00e1ngri stundu, hvad annars mundi tors\u00f3tt edur \u00f3m\u00f6gulegt.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>og \u00ed <em>Vorum s\u00f3lheimum<\/em> segir Magn\u00fas \u00e1 bls. 56-57:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>S\u00f3lin upplj\u00f3mar auk t\u00fangls og halastjarna 7 heima edur himinhnetti, er kallast pl\u00e1netur og g\u00e1nga allar kr\u00edngum hana \u00ed aflaungum hr\u00edngum, hv\u00f6r fyrir utan adra. <em>[&#8230;]<\/em> Vor j\u00f6rd <em>[gengur \u00ed]<\/em> kr\u00edngum s\u00f3lina \u00ed 365\u00bc dags, sem gi\u00f6rir vort \u00e1r.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>og \u00e1 bls. 59:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00de\u00f3 ecki s\u00e9u n\u00fa fleiri pl\u00e1netur vorra S\u00f3lheima enn fundnar, hafa \u00fe\u00f3 stj\u00f6rnufr\u00f3\u00f0ir mikla tr\u00fa um a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r muni enn fleiri vera, \u00fear \u00e1 m\u00f3t hafa \u00feeir fundid \u00fdmisleg t\u00fangl.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u00dearna kemur me\u00f0al annars fram, a\u00f0 Magn\u00fas veit a\u00f0 brautir reikistjarnanna eru aflangir hringir og a\u00f0 halastj\u00f6rnur eru hluti af s\u00f3lkerfinu. Sem kunnugt er m\u00e1\u00a0 rekja fyrri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0una til Keplers og hina s\u00ed\u00f0ari til Newtons. Svipa\u00f0ar, en heldur n\u00e1kv\u00e6mari, uppl\u00fdsingar er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed hugvekju Hannesar Finnssonar, <em>Um halastj\u00f6rnur,<\/em> fr\u00e1 1797.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 vekur athygli, a\u00f0 hvorki Hannes n\u00e9 Magn\u00fas, hva\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 B\u00fcsching, nefna \u00fe\u00e1 Kepler og Newton \u00e1 nafn, n\u00e9 heldur geta h\u00f6fundarnir heimilda. \u00de\u00f3 m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 af\u00a0 bl\u00f6\u00f0um, sem var\u00f0veist hafa fr\u00e1 Kaupmannahafnar\u00e1rum \u00cdslendinganna, a\u00f0 fjalla\u00f0 var \u00feessa merku n\u00e1tt\u00faruspekinga og verk \u00feeirra \u00ed kennslunni, b\u00e6\u00f0i hj\u00e1 Horrebow (sj\u00e1 <em>Lbs. 99, 8vo,<\/em> fr\u00e1 um 1760) og Bugge (sj\u00e1 <em>Lbs. 592, 4to,<\/em> fr\u00e1 1783).<\/p>\n<p>H\u00f6fundarnir hafa v\u00e6ntanlega stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 eina e\u00f0a fleiri kennslub\u00e6kur, sem og \u00f6nnur fr\u00e6\u00f0slurit, vi\u00f0 skriftirnar, eins og almennt t\u00ed\u00f0kast vi\u00f0 samningu al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0urita um raunv\u00edsindi. \u00cdtarlegra heimilda er sjaldan geti\u00f0 \u00ed sl\u00edkum ritum, enda fjalla \u00feau yfirleitt um hugmyndir og athuganir, sem eru \u00feegar vel \u00feekktar me\u00f0al fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna.\u00a0 Skemmtileg undantekning fr\u00e1 reglunni, eru hinar merku ne\u00f0anm\u00e1lsgreinar\u00a0 J\u00f3ns J\u00f3nssonar vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0inguna \u00e1 ritger\u00f0um Suhms. \u00dear g\u00e6tir J\u00f3n \u00feess vandlega a\u00f0 geta \u00e1vallt heimilda, m\u00e1li s\u00ednu til stu\u00f0nings.<\/p>\n<p>En \u00e1fram me\u00f0 umfj\u00f6llunina um s\u00f3lmi\u00f0jukenninguna. \u00cd <em>N\u00e1tt\u00farusko\u00f0ara <\/em>fr\u00e1 1798 (danska frumger\u00f0in er fr\u00e1 1763), segir \u00e1 bls. 95-98:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>S\u00f3lin er midt \u00ed vorum S\u00f3lveraldakransi, og hefur allt um kr\u00edng sig \u00feessar 6 pl\u00e1netur edur reikandi stj\u00f6rnur, er svo heita: <em>Merc\u00far\u00edus<\/em>, <em>Venus<\/em>, <em>Mars<\/em>, <em>J\u00f6rdin<\/em> vor med sinni einu fylgistj\u00f6rnu <em>Tunglinu<\/em>, <em>J\u00fap\u00edter <\/em>med s\u00ednum fj\u00f3rum fylgistj\u00f6rnum og <em>Sat\u00farnus<\/em> me\u00f0 s\u00ednum fimm.<strong>*<\/strong> Sj\u00e1lf stendur h\u00fan kyrr \u00ed mi\u00f0ju \u00feeirra, ad fr\u00e1teknu \u00fev\u00ed, ad h\u00fan veltist um kr\u00edng sj\u00e1lfa sig, sem \u00e1 \u00e1si l\u00e9ki, og dregur hinar adrar med s\u00e9r \u00ed hr\u00edng \u00ed kr\u00edngum sig, hv\u00f6rjar og \u00fear ad auki veltast um \u00e1 leidinni, og s\u00fa hin fyrri hr\u00e6ring \u00feeirra gj\u00f6rir \u00e1rid hj\u00e1 \u00feeim, en s\u00fa s\u00eddari dag og n\u00f3tt; og \u00e1 sama h\u00e1tt draga \u00fe\u00e6r aptur s\u00ednar fylgistj\u00f6rnur med s\u00e9r og kr\u00edngum sig. Rafkrapturinn virdist ad vera n\u00e6rsta h\u00e6filegur ad \u00fatm\u00e1la \u00feetta.<\/p>\n<p><em>[<strong>*<\/strong>Ne\u00f0anm\u00e1lsgrein J\u00f3ns:<\/em> Fyrir utan h\u00e9r taldar 6 h\u00f6fu\u00f0pl\u00e1netur, sem g\u00e1nga kr\u00edngum vora s\u00f3lu, fann Herschel \u00e1ri\u00f0 1781 \u00fe\u00e1 sj\u00f6undu pl\u00e1netu, sem Stj\u00f6rnumeistarar nefna <em>Uran<\/em>, hv\u00f6r ed hefir ein\u00fangis tv\u00e6r fylgistj\u00f6rnur edur t\u00fangl, sem enn er vart vid ordid.<em>]<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u00deetta er hin s\u00e6milegasta l\u00fdsing \u00e1 s\u00f3lkerfinu og s\u00f3lmi\u00f0jukenningunni, auk \u00feess sem \u00fearna kemur fram hugmynd um rafkraftinn sem hreyfiafl \u00ed s\u00f3lkerfinu. M\u00e9r er ekki kunnugt um, a\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0ur hafi veri\u00f0 \u00fdja\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 prenti \u00e1 \u00edslensku, a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra megi hreyfingu reikistjarnanna um s\u00f3lina me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 m\u00f6ndulsn\u00faningur s\u00f3lar dragi \u00fe\u00e6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r. \u00deessa hugmynd, sem rekja m\u00e1 allar g\u00f6tur til Descartes (og Keplers \u00e1 undan honum) tekur J\u00f3n \u00edtarlega fyrir \u00ed fr\u00f3\u00f0legri ne\u00f0anm\u00e1lsgrein \u00e1 bls. 96-98. N\u00e1nari umfj\u00f6llun um hana ver\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a <span style=\"color: #00ff00\"><span style=\"color: #333333\">f\u00e6rslna\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2020\/08\/30\/stjarnedlisfraedi-og-heimsfraedi-a-islandi-2-timabilid-1780-1870-b-stjarnedlisfraedi-fyrir-daga-newtons\/\">2b<\/a> og<\/span> 2c<span style=\"color: #333333\">, en \u00fear ver\u00f0ur r\u00e6tt um \u00e1hrif \u00feyngdarinnar \u00ed s\u00f3lkerfinu<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">N\u00e1tt\u00farugu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i og bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 himintunglum<\/span><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Ekki \u00fearf a\u00f0 lesa lengi \u00ed fyrrnefndum al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uritunum til a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0ugri n\u00e6rveru hins alm\u00e1ttuga Gu\u00f0s \u00ed heimi h\u00f6fundanna.\u00a0 \u00c1 \u00feessum t\u00edma var Gu\u00f0 kristinna manna mikilv\u00e6gur hluti af daglegu l\u00edfi Vesturlandab\u00faa &#8211; \u00fear var hann yfir og allt um kring og \u00fev\u00ed \u00f3rj\u00fafanlegur hluti af heimsmyndinni.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd \u00feessum greinaflokki ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 mestu horft fram hj\u00e1 \u00feeirri samtvinnun tr\u00faar og v\u00edsinda, sem var svo mikilv\u00e6g \u00ed menningu Vesturlanda allt fram \u00e1 seinni hluta n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu aldar og \u00ed sumum tilvikum langt fram \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 tuttugustu. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki vegna \u00e1hugaleysis, heldur fyrst og fremst af \u00feeim s\u00f6kum, a\u00f0 litlar ranns\u00f3knir hafa enn fari\u00f0 fram h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi \u00e1 \u00feessu umfangsmikla og fl\u00f3kna vi\u00f0fangsefni. Eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem best ver\u00f0ur s\u00e9\u00f0, er \u00fearna kj\u00f6rinn vettvangur fyrir fleiri en eina meistararitger\u00f0, ef ekki doktorsritger\u00f0ir vi\u00f0 \u00edslenska h\u00e1sk\u00f3la.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14626 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2020\/03\/Natturuskodari-169x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"545\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Natturuskodari-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Natturuskodari-578x1024.jpg 578w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Natturuskodari-768x1360.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Natturuskodari.jpg 796w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>H\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur \u00fev\u00ed l\u00e1ti\u00f0 n\u00e6gja a\u00f0 birta nokkrar tilvitnanir \u00ed ritin \u00e1 listanum a\u00f0 framan. Umfj\u00f6llunin um ver\u00f6ldina, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed elstu ritunum, fellur \u00fear v\u00ed\u00f0ast hvar undir svokalla\u00f0a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_theology\">n\u00e1tt\u00farugu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>. J\u00f3n J\u00f3nsson l\u00fdsir \u00feessu vi\u00f0horfi \u00e1g\u00e6tlega \u00ed inngangsor\u00f0um a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu sinni \u00e1 <em>N\u00e1tt\u00farusko\u00f0ara<\/em> Suhms \u00e1 bls. vii-viii:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00dev\u00ed hv\u00f6rt er efni og adalaugnamid sannkalladrar Heimsspeki annad enn med sannf\u00e6randi r\u00f6ksemdum, byggdum first og fremst \u00e1 \u00f3t\u00e1ldr\u00e6gri rans\u00f3kn n\u00e1tt\u00farunnar, og \u00fev\u00ed n\u00e6rst \u00e1 skynseminar egin, \u00fear \u00fat af dregnum \u00e1lyktunum, ad s\u00fdna, hv\u00f6rsu \u00fead hl\u00fdtur a\u00f0 vera, ein alm\u00e1ttug, alvitur og alg\u00f3d Vera, sem skapad, nidurradad og \u00e1quardad hafi \u00f6llum hlutum, sm\u00e1um og st\u00f3rum \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed ofur v\u00eddlenda r\u00edki n\u00e1tt\u00farunnar?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u00cd megintexta b\u00f3karinnar segir Suhm \u00e1 bls. 3:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00dead er \u00feess vegna \u00f3raskanlegur sannleikur, ad \u00feess meiri \u00feeckingu, sem hv\u00f6rr einn hefir \u00e1 n\u00e1tt\u00farufr\u00e6dinni, \u00fev\u00ed st\u00e6rri faung hefir hann \u00e1 ad \u00feeckja Guds d\u00edrdlegu eginlegleika.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>L\u00edta m\u00e1 \u00e1 svokalla\u00f0a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teleological_argument\">tilgangsspeki e\u00f0a markhyggju<\/a>, sem stundum er einnig kennd vi\u00f0 skipulagsr\u00f6k, sem hluta af n\u00e1tt\u00farugu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i. D\u00e6mi um sl\u00edka speki er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed inngangi a\u00f0 <em>E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/em> Fischers. \u00dear segir \u00e1 bls. 5:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Enginn getur sko\u00f0a\u00f0 hina d\u00e1samlegu sm\u00ed\u00f0 \u00e1 auga mannsins, n\u00e9 athuga\u00f0 \u00feau allsherjarl\u00f6g, sem allt hi\u00f0 skapa\u00f0a er bundi\u00f0, og sem allir hnettir hl\u00fd\u00f0a og renna eptir um alla eil\u00edf\u00f0, og reglu \u00fe\u00e1 og skipulag, sem \u00fear birtist hvervetna \u00ed, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 hr\u00edfast af lotningu fyrir honum, sem er upphaf og stj\u00f3rnari alls \u00feessa, sem var, er og ver\u00f0ur, sem hi\u00f0 mikla s\u00e1lmask\u00e1ld fer \u00feessum or\u00f0um um: himnarnir segja fr\u00e1 d\u00fdr\u00f0 hans, og hin \u00fat\u00feanda fest\u00edng s\u00fdnir hans handaverk.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Og \u00ed sk\u00fdringum Bj\u00f6rns Gunnlaugssonar vi\u00f0 <em>Nj\u00f3lu <\/em>m\u00e1 finna \u00feessi fleygu or\u00f0:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>S\u00fa mikla himinsins bygg\u00edng bodar einhv\u00f6rja st\u00f3ra fyrir\u00e6tlan. En \u00ed \u00f6llu, sem v\u00e9r sj\u00e1um \u00e1 himni og j\u00f6rdu, er l\u00edfid \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e6dsta, og allt er \u00feessvegna gj\u00f6rt, og \u00fead er adaltilgangur alls hins s\u00fdnilega heims<em> [&#8230;]<\/em> \u00deannig v\u00e6ri \u00fe\u00e1 heimurinn einskisvirdi, ef ekki v\u00e6ri l\u00edfid, \u00fe\u00e1 fl\u00fdtur \u00fear af, a\u00f0 \u00fead er Guds adalverk, og \u00feetta hans adalverk verdur eil\u00edft a\u00f0 vera.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11422\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11422\" style=\"width: 309px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11422\" src=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2019\/07\/Bjo\u0308rn_Gunnlaugsson-232x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"309\" height=\"400\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11422\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?gegnirId=000819528\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson<\/span><\/a>, sj\u00f6t\u00edu og eins \u00e1rs 1859<span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">. Hann var ekki a\u00f0eins fremsti st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ingur, stj\u00f6rnu-fr\u00e6\u00f0ingur og e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur \u00cdslendinga um s\u00edna daga, heldur \u00e1hrifamikill n\u00e1tt\u00farugu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ingur. Teikningin er eftir Sigur\u00f0 Gu\u00f0mundsson.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14625\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14625\" style=\"width: 311px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14625\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2020\/03\/Njola1884-166x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"311\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Njola1884-166x300.png 166w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Njola1884-566x1024.png 566w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Njola1884.png 608w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 311px) 100vw, 311px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14625\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">N\u00e6st \u00e1 eftir <em>Bibl\u00edunni<\/em>, var <em>Nj\u00f3la<\/em> sennilega eitt v\u00ed\u00f0lesnasta rit \u00e1 \u00cdslandi um og upp \u00far mi\u00f0ri 19. \u00f6ld. H\u00e9r m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 fors\u00ed\u00f0u 3. \u00fatg\u00e1funnar fr\u00e1 1884. Verki\u00f0 kom fyrst \u00e1 prenti 1842 og aftur \u00f6rl\u00edti\u00f0 breytt 1853. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar<a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5429031\"> h\u00e9r<\/a>.<br \/><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>A. H. Batten, 2017: <a href=\"http:\/\/articles.adsabs.harvard.edu\/pdf\/2017JAHH...20..119B\">On the History of the Argument from Design in Astronomy<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>H. Kragh, 2019: <a href=\"http:\/\/foenix1976.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/2019_HK_Fnug_s.227-250.pdf\">Et lille fnug i den store sammenh\u00e6ng: Naturvidenskab og gudstro i historisk perspektiv<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>H. Kragh, 2020: <a href=\"https:\/\/lps.library.cmu.edu\/ETHOS\/article\/39\/galley\/61\/view\/\">Cosmology and Religion<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>H. Kragh, 2004: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=iyaiDORGRpQC&amp;hl=is&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Matter and Spirit in the Universe: Scientific and Religious Preludes to Modern Cosmology<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Vangaveltur um <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extraterrestrial_life\">l\u00edf \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum hn\u00f6ttum<\/a>, og \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00ed lagi vitsmunal\u00edf, vir\u00f0ist hafa fylgt mannkyninu \u00ed \u00e1r\u00fe\u00fasundir. Menn hafa \u00fe\u00f3 yfirleitt skiptst \u00ed tv\u00e6r fylkingar, me\u00f0 og \u00e1 m\u00f3ti. Til d\u00e6mis voru\u00a0 at\u00f3mhyggjumenn eins og Levkippos (5. \u00f6ld f.o.t.),\u00a0 Dem\u00f3kr\u00edtos (4. \u00f6ld f.o.t.) og Lukret\u00edus (1. \u00f6ld f.o.t.) fylgjandi hugmyndinni, en frumkristnir s\u00f6fnu\u00f0ir henni andsn\u00fanir, einkum vegna \u00e1hrifa fr\u00e1 Plat\u00f3ni (5.-4. \u00f6ld f.o.t.) og Arist\u00f3telesi (4. \u00f6ld f.o.t.).<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum var efni\u00f0 talsvert til umr\u00e6\u00f0u me\u00f0al kristinna l\u00e6rd\u00f3msmanna, en \u00fea\u00f0 var \u00fe\u00f3 ekki fyrr en s\u00f3lmi\u00f0jukenningin t\u00f3k a\u00f0 ry\u00f0ja s\u00e9r til r\u00fams \u00e1 Vesturl\u00f6ndum \u00e1 sautj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld, sem hugmyndin um bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 himinhn\u00f6ttum f\u00e9kk byr undir b\u00e1\u00f0a v\u00e6ngi me\u00f0al l\u00e6r\u00f0ra sem\u00a0 leikra. S\u00fa b\u00f3k, sem sennilega haf\u00f0i \u00fear mest \u00e1hrif, var b\u00f3k Fontenelles,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=8AEk9cEwHbwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Entretiens sur la pluralit\u00e9 des mondes<\/a>, sem kom fyrst \u00far 1686 og r\u00e6tt var um \u00ed myndatexta \u00ed inngangi.<\/p>\n<p>Eins og flest anna\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma, b\u00e1rust hugmyndir um stj\u00f6rnub\u00faa hinga\u00f0 til lands \u00ed gegnum Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. Strax \u00ed fyrsta prenta\u00f0a al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uritinu um raunv\u00edsindi, <em>N\u00e1tt\u00faruhistor\u00edu<\/em> B\u00fcschings, segir eftir stutta umfj\u00f6llun um tunglslj\u00f3si\u00f0 \u00e1 bls. 243:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>J\u00f6rdin endrgeldr r\u00edkuliga t\u00fanglinu s\u00edna \u00fej\u00f3nkan, er h\u00fan s\u00fdniz m\u00e1nab\u00faum fi\u00f3rt\u00e1n sinnum st\u00e6rri en tunglit s\u00fdniz oss, og kastar \u00e1 \u00feat \u00feeim mun meira li\u00f3si.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>En \u00fea\u00f0 er fyrst og fremst Magn\u00fas Stephensen, sem upphaflega tekur a\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 pr\u00e9dika \u00feennan bo\u00f0skap:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Allir hnettir og eins si\u00e1lf s\u00f3lin og halasti\u00f6rnur eru \u00fev\u00ed fullar af \u00fdmislegum lifandi sk\u00e9pnum, en l\u00edklega mi\u00f6g svo \u00f3l\u00edkum oss og vorrar jardar sk\u00e9pnum, eptir \u00feeirra b\u00fastada \u00f3l\u00edku edli. <em>[\u2026]<\/em> Hvad <em>[Gud]<\/em> l\u00e6tur \u00ed n\u00e1tt\u00farunni li\u00f3ma fyrir augum \u00feeirra skyns\u00f6mu sk\u00e9pna sinna, \u00e1 ad minna \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e1 ad pr\u00edsa \u00e1n afl\u00e1ts \u00feessa h\u00e1tign, ad audm\u00fdkia sig fyrir henni, ad hl\u00fddnast henni, ad elska hana fram yfir allt.\u00a0 <em>(Alstirndi himininn, bls. 50.)<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15342\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15342\" style=\"width: 497px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15342 \" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2020\/07\/Great-Moon-Hoax-1835-300x213.jpg\" alt=\"L\u00edf \u00e1 tunglinu\" width=\"497\" height=\"353\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Great-Moon-Hoax-1835-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Great-Moon-Hoax-1835-1024x729.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Great-Moon-Hoax-1835-768x547.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Great-Moon-Hoax-1835.jpg 1089w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 497px) 100vw, 497px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15342\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00deessi mynd birtist \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Moon_Hoax\">bandar\u00edska dagbla\u00f0inu The Sun<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1835. H\u00fan \u00e1 a\u00f0 s\u00fdna l\u00edfi\u00f0 \u00e1 tunglinu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Fullvissan um vitsmunal\u00edf \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum himintunglum er \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma \u00f3hj\u00e1kv\u00e6milega tengd n\u00e1tt\u00farugu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i. E\u00f0a eins og Suhm segir \u00ed <em>N\u00e1tt\u00farusko\u00f0ara, <\/em>bls. 116-117:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Guds eiginleikar eru \u00f6ldungis fullkomnir, og \u00e1n alls enda: \u00feeir, sem \u00fe\u00e1 neita \u00fev\u00ed ad \u00fear s\u00e9u til sk\u00e9pnur, j\u00e1 skynjandi sk\u00e9pnur \u00ed \u00f6llum reykandi stj\u00f6rnum \u00feeckia annadhv\u00f6rt ecki Guds eiginnlegleika, og syndga \u00fev\u00ed af f\u00e1vitsku edur, ef \u00feeir \u00feeckja \u00fe\u00e1, eru \u00feeir \u00ed h\u00e6rsta m\u00e1ta sekir um spott Guds h\u00e1tignar.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Og \u00e1 bls. 122:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Allar \u00feessar f\u00f6stu stj\u00f6rnur hlj\u00f3ta \u00e1n m\u00f3tm\u00e6la s\u00f3lir ad vera, sem hafa lj\u00f3s sitt af sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r, \u00fev\u00ed annars kynnu \u00fe\u00e6r \u00ed \u00fev\u00edl\u00edkri fjarl\u00e6gd ei af oss sjenar ad verda; og af \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00e6r geta ei til \u00f3n\u00fdtis skapadar verid, hlj\u00f3ta \u00fe\u00e6r efunarlaust, ein og s\u00e9rhv\u00f6r, ad hafa pl\u00e1netur um kr\u00edng sig.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson er sama sinnis og Suhm \u00ed \u00feessu efni og \u00ed einum af s\u00ed\u00f0ustu k\u00f6flum <em>Nj\u00f3lu<\/em>, sem kallast\u00a0 \u201eBygg\u00f0 \u00ed stj\u00f6rnum\u201c (bls. 94-96), eru \u00feessi erindi:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Hvad oss stoda stj\u00f6rnur \u00fe\u00e6r,<br \/>\ner standa svo l\u00e1ngt burtu,<br \/>\nad augna sj\u00f3nin ei \u00feeim n\u00e6r,<br \/>\nog \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00fdsa \u00feurftu?<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>V\u00edst \u00e1 \u00feessi fagri fans<br \/>\nfyrir sk\u00e9pnum l\u00fdsa,<br \/>\nsk\u00e6ra&#8217; er mildi Skaparans<br \/>\nskulu med oss pr\u00edsa.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00fdsa mun \u00fev\u00ed s\u00e9rhv\u00f6r s\u00f3l<br \/>\ns\u00ednum pl\u00e1netunum,<br \/>\nhvar l\u00edf-skarar breitin b\u00f3l<br \/>\nbyggja&#8217; \u00e1 upphverfunum.<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Stj\u00f6rnub\u00faar \u00feessir \u00fear<br \/>\n\u00feannig sig til reidi<br \/>\nundir kj\u00f6rin eil\u00edfdar,<br \/>\n\u00e1 l\u00edfs t\u00edma skei\u00f0i.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u00cd lokin er r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 vitna \u00ed einn af stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingum \u00feessa t\u00edma, sem ekki er jafn sannf\u00e6r\u00f0ur og framangreindir h\u00f6fundar um tilvist vitsmunal\u00edfs utan jar\u00f0arinnar. Ekki er \u00f3l\u00edklegt, a\u00f0 flestir n\u00fat\u00edma stjarnv\u00edsindamenn g\u00e6tu teki\u00f0 undir me\u00f0 Georg Frederik Ursin, \u00feegar hann segir \u00ed <em>Stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/em> sinni \u00e1 bls. 13-14:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00deegar vjer loksins r\u00e6dum\u00a0 um \u00fead, hvurt\u00a0 himint\u00fanglin munu biggd vera, \u00fe\u00e1 h\u00f6fum vjer ekkjert \u00fead sjed, er vjer\u00a0 f\u00e1um r\u00e1did \u00fead af. En vjer <em>tr\u00faum<\/em> \u00fev\u00ed og <em>tr\u00fa<\/em> vor um \u00feetta efni er risin med \u00f6llu af \u00f6drum \u00e1st\u00e6dum, enn \u00feeim, er leida oss\u00a0 til sanninda stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6dinnar. Og n\u00fa gjetid \u00fejer sj\u00e1lfir metid gildi \u00feess, er\u00a0 vjer\u00a0 h\u00f6fum heirt r\u00e6dt um himint\u00fanglab\u00faa, til ad minda m\u00e1namenn, og st\u00f6rf \u00feeirra og allar athafnir. Ekkjert af sl\u00edku hefir nokkur madur sjed \u00ed t\u00fangli voru, og er \u00fead \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00e1ng n\u00e6st oss allra himint\u00fangla.\u00a0 <em>[&#8230;]\u00a0 <\/em>Jeg lasta \u00e1 aungvan h\u00e1tt vidburdi annara manna, ad komast ad raun um\u00a0 allt sl\u00edkt\u00a0 <em>[&#8230;]<\/em> enn illt\u00a0 er til hins ad\u00a0 vita, ad margur s\u00e1 er gjekk ad \u00fev\u00ed starfi, var um of bundinn vid \u00edmindanir \u00fe\u00e6r og eptirv\u00e6ntingar, er hann var b\u00fainn ad skapa sjer sj\u00e1lfur firirfram og er \u00fe\u00e1 h\u00e6tt vid, ad margt \u00feat er \u00feeir s\u00e1u hafi hvurgi \u00e1tt sjer stad nema \u00ed huga \u00feeirra.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>M. J. Crowe, 1997: <a href=\"https:\/\/notendur.hi.is\/~einar\/Heimsfraedi\/CroweLife.pdf\">A history of the extraterrestrial life debate<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>M. J. Crowe, 2011: <a href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/8b96\/eebc1143e831ea3661d58bac748ea2c0cce2.pdf\">The Surprising History of Claims for Life on the Sun<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>J. K. Petersen, 2001: <a href=\"https:\/\/css.au.dk\/fileadmin\/www.ivs.au.dk\/css.au.dk\/fileadmin_www.ivs.au.dk_css.au.dk_\/hosta008.pdf\">Er der nogen? Danske forestillinger om liv uden for Jorden fra det nittende \u00e5rhundrede til F\u00f8rste Verdenskrig<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>S. J. Dick, 1982: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=Uak5AAAAIAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Plurality of Worlds: The Origins of the Extraterrestrial Life Debate from Democritus to Kant.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>M. J. Crowe, 1988: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=Ygc5AAAAIAAJ&amp;hl=is&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">The Extraterrestrial Life Debate 1750\u20131900: The Idea of a Plurality of Worlds from Kant to Lowell<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">* <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2021\/05\/02\/greinaflokkur-um-stjarnedlisfraedi-og-heimsfraedi-a-islandi\/\">Stjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00cdslandi: Efnisyfirlit<\/a> *<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yfirlit um greinaflokkinn Eins og geti\u00f0 er um \u00ed inngangsor\u00f0um, h\u00f3fst\u00a0 al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ufr\u00e6\u00f0sla \u00ed raunv\u00edsindum og t\u00e6kni h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi me\u00f0 \u00fatg\u00e1fu \u00edslenskra uppl\u00fdsingarmanna \u00e1 Ritum \u00feess (konunglega) \u00edslenska L\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistaf\u00e9lags \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn \u00e1 \u00e1runum upp \u00far 1780. \u00deegar f\u00e9lagsritin g\u00e1fu upp laupana, h\u00f3f Magn\u00fas Stephensen \u00fatg\u00e1fu fr\u00e6\u00f0slurita a\u00f0 Leir\u00e1rg\u00f6r\u00f0um og lengi vel var hann eini ma\u00f0urinn [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,4,8,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15025","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-atjanda-oldin","category-edlisfraedi","category-nitjanda-old","category-stjornufraedi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15025","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=15025"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15025\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=15025"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=15025"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=15025"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}