{"id":19638,"date":"2021-08-05T09:42:33","date_gmt":"2021-08-05T09:42:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/?p=19638"},"modified":"2021-08-05T09:42:33","modified_gmt":"2021-08-05T09:42:33","slug":"islenskir-staerdfraedingar-edlisfraedingar-og-stjornufraedingar-til-1960-skra-med-inngangi-og-eftirmala","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/?p=19638","title":{"rendered":"\u00cdslenskir st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ingar, e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingar til 1960: Skr\u00e1 me\u00f0 inngangi og eftirm\u00e1la"},"content":{"rendered":"

F\u00e6rslan er enn \u00ed vinnslu og ver\u00f0ur uppf\u00e6r\u00f0 eftir \u00fe\u00f6rfum<\/span><\/p>\n

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Inngangur<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 var ekki fyrr en \u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld, sem hinar \u00fdmsu verkfr\u00e6\u00f0i- og raunv\u00edsindagreinar ur\u00f0u almennt a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0um n\u00e1msgreinum vi\u00f0 helstu h\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu og Amer\u00edku. Breytingin olli \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0al annars, a\u00f0 menn g\u00e1tu n\u00fa loksins \u00fatskrifast me\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lagr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00e1 svi\u00f0um eins og verkfr\u00e6\u00f0i, st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i, e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i og n\u00e1tt\u00farufr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

\u00cd Danm\u00f6rku var \u00feetta n\u00fdja fyrirkomulag fyrst innleitt me\u00f0 tilkomu Fj\u00f6llistask\u00f3lans<\/a> (Den Polytekniske L\u00e6reanstalt) \u00e1ri\u00f0 1829 og s\u00ed\u00f0an me\u00f0 stofnun St\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i- og n\u00e1tt\u00faruv\u00edsindasvi\u00f0s<\/a> (Det Matematisk-naturvidenskabelige Fakultet) vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1850. Kennsla \u00feessara tveggja sk\u00f3la \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i var a\u00f0 mestu sameiginleg, a\u00f0 minnsta kosti til \u00e1rsins 1921, \u00feegar Niels Bohr stofnunin<\/a> t\u00f3k til starfa. Stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ikennslan f\u00f3r hins vegar fram a\u00f0 hluta vi\u00f0 Stj\u00f6rnuturn<\/a> sk\u00f3lans (Astronomisk Observatorium), eins og t\u00ed\u00f0kast haf\u00f0i allt fr\u00e1 1642.<\/p>\n

H\u00e1sk\u00f3linn \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn er h\u00e9r nefndur s\u00e9rstaklega, \u00fear sem hann var \u00ed raun \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arh\u00e1sk\u00f3li \u00cdslendinga allt fr\u00e1 si\u00f0askiptum til \u00e1rsins 1911, \u00feegar H\u00e1sk\u00f3li \u00cdslands<\/em> var stofna\u00f0ur. D\u00f6nsk \u00e1hrif h\u00e9ldu \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1fram a\u00f0 vera sterk h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, vel fram yfir seinni heimstyrj\u00f6ldina, ekki s\u00edst \u00e1 svi\u00f0um eins og verkfr\u00e6\u00f0i og raunv\u00edsindum.\u00a0 Vegna styrjaldarinnar neyddust \u00cdslendingar til a\u00f0 hefja verkfr\u00e6\u00f0ikennslu a\u00f0 danskri fyrirmynd h\u00e9r heima \u00e1ri\u00f0 1940, en BA-n\u00e1m \u00ed raungreinum h\u00f3fst ekki fyrr en um 1950 og \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed Heimspekideild. BS-n\u00e1m \u00ed raunv\u00edsindum, a\u00f0 bandar\u00edskum og enskum si\u00f0, var svo sett \u00e1 laggirnar vi\u00f0 Verkfr\u00e6\u00f0i- og raunv\u00edsindadeild \u00ed kringum 1970.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 mati f\u00e6rsluh\u00f6fundar m\u00e1 greinilega m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 \u00ferj\u00fa meginskei\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00f6gu raunv\u00edsinda h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi:<\/p>\n

Fyrsta skei\u00f0i\u00f0 n\u00e6r fr\u00e1 si\u00f0askiptum til mi\u00f0rar n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu aldar. \u00c1 \u00fev\u00ed t\u00edmabili l\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00fdmsir h\u00e6fileikar\u00edkir \u00cdslendingar, einkum Hafnarst\u00fadentar, sig s\u00e9rstaklega eftir st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistum (m.a. st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i, lj\u00f3sfr\u00e6\u00f0i, aflfr\u00e6\u00f0i) og\/e\u00f0a n\u00e1tt\u00faruspeki (\u00fe.e. kenningum um ger\u00f0 heimsins, eiginleika efna og efnasambanda og e\u00f0li og heg\u00f0un n\u00e1tt\u00farulegra hluta og fyrirb\u00e6ra, jafnt \u00e1 himni sem \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0u). Oftast vir\u00f0ist \u00feetta hafa stafa\u00f0 af hreinni fr\u00f3\u00f0leiksf\u00fdsn, \u00fev\u00ed flestir \u00feessara n\u00e1msmanna (\u00fe\u00f3 ekki allir) l\u00f6g\u00f0u fyrst og fremst stund \u00e1 a\u00f0rar v\u00e6nlegri greinar (til d\u00e6mis gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i) sem g\u00e1fu umtalsver\u00f0a von um starf a\u00f0 n\u00e1mi loknu.<\/p>\n

N\u00e6sta skei\u00f0 n\u00e6r fr\u00e1 seinni hluta n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu aldar og fram yfir mi\u00f0ja tuttugustu \u00f6ld, e\u00f0a til upphafs geimaldar. H\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 t\u00edmabili\u00f0 1850-1960. \u00c1 \u00feessum \u00e1rum g\u00e1tu menn \u00fatskrifast fr\u00e1 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lum me\u00f0 pr\u00f3fgr\u00e1\u00f0ur \u00ed hinum \u00fdmsu n\u00e1tt\u00faruv\u00edsindum og verkfr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem olli \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nokkrir \u00cdslendingar t\u00f3ku a\u00f0 s\u00e6kja s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed sl\u00edkt n\u00e1m \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn, fyrst \u00ed n\u00e1tt\u00farufr\u00e6\u00f0i og verkfr\u00e6\u00f0i, en nokkru s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00ddmsar \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur ollu \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00f3, a\u00f0 \u00cdsendingar n\u00e1\u00f0u ekki a\u00f0 lj\u00faka lokapr\u00f3fi \u00ed \u00feessum greinum fyrr en \u00e1 t\u00edunda \u00e1ratugnum<\/a>. \u00deegar fram li\u00f0u stundir \u00e1tti stofnun st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ideildar<\/a> vi\u00f0 Reykjav\u00edkursk\u00f3la, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1919, svo eftir a\u00f0 hafa mikil \u00e1hrif \u00ed \u00feessum efnum.<\/p>\n

Eftir seinni heimsstyrj\u00f6ldina ollu margv\u00edslegar hr\u00e6ringar \u00e1 \u00e1l\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avettvangi og aukinn bjarts\u00fdni og tr\u00fa \u00e1 v\u00edsindi og framfarir \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0al annars, a\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0a erlendis var au\u00f0veldara en \u00e1\u00f0ur a\u00f0 f\u00e1 fj\u00e1rmagn til v\u00edsindaranns\u00f3kna og kennslu framhaldsnema. \u00c1 \u00cdslandi voru \u00fe\u00f3 allir innvi\u00f0ir \u00e1 svi\u00f0i raunv\u00edsinda van\u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ir og langt \u00e1 eftir \u00fev\u00ed, sem t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0ist \u00ed n\u00e1grannal\u00f6ndum. Fyrir tilstilli frams\u00fdnna einstaklinga t\u00f3k \u00fe\u00f3 sm\u00e1m saman a\u00f0 \u00f6rla \u00e1 breytingum til hins betra. \u00dear komu \u00fdmsir vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson<\/a>, sem var\u00f0 pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands \u00e1ri\u00f0 1957 og setti flj\u00f3tlega \u00e1 f\u00f3t E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans<\/em>. \u00de\u00f3tt a\u00f0sta\u00f0a til ranns\u00f3kna v\u00e6ri mj\u00f6g takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 \u00ed fyrstu, var\u00f0 \u00feessi starfsemi ein af helstu \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um \u00feess, a\u00f0 Raunv\u00edsindastofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans<\/em> var sett \u00e1 laggirnar me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0ri hj\u00e1lp Bandar\u00edkjamanna \u00e1ri\u00f0 1966. \u00der\u00f3unin h\u00e9r heima, \u00ed bland vi\u00f0 s\u00edvaxandi i\u00f0kun raunv\u00edsinda \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avettvangi, var\u00f0 svo me\u00f0al annars til \u00feess, a\u00f0 \u00e1 sj\u00f6unda \u00e1ratugnum t\u00f3ku mun fleiri \u00edslenskir n\u00e1msmenn en \u00e1\u00f0ur a\u00f0 leggja fyrir sig h\u00e1sk\u00f3lan\u00e1m \u00ed raunv\u00edsindum.<\/p>\n

\u00deri\u00f0ja og s\u00ed\u00f0asta skei\u00f0i\u00f0, \u201en\u00fat\u00edminn\u201c, hefst um og upp\u00far 1960. \u00dev\u00ed ver\u00f0a ekki ger\u00f0 skil h\u00e9r me\u00f0 nafnaskr\u00e1, og sl\u00edkt verk er ekki heldur \u00e1 dagskr\u00e1 hj\u00e1 f\u00e6rsluh\u00f6fundi \u00e1 n\u00e6stunni – til \u00feess er vi\u00f0fangsefni\u00f0 allt of fl\u00f3ki\u00f0 og vi\u00f0amiki\u00f0. \u00cd eftirm\u00e1la er hins vegar stuttlega minnst \u00e1 nokkur almenn atri\u00f0i var\u00f0andi n\u00fat\u00edma raunv\u00edsindi \u00e1 \u00cdslandi og nefndar gagnlegar heimildir, sem g\u00e6tu n\u00fdst vi\u00f0 frekari ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 s\u00f6gu \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

Hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar nafnaskr\u00e1rnar fyrir tv\u00f6 fyrstu skei\u00f0in eru, auk \u00e1vaxtanna af eigin s\u00f6gugr\u00faski<\/a> (sj\u00e1 einnig h\u00e9r<\/a>), helstu heimildir m\u00ednar \u00feessar:<\/p>\n