{"id":20449,"date":"2022-10-25T16:16:23","date_gmt":"2022-10-25T16:16:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/?p=20449"},"modified":"2022-10-25T16:16:23","modified_gmt":"2022-10-25T16:16:23","slug":"saga-efniskenninga-ritaskrar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/?p=20449","title":{"rendered":"Saga efniskenninga \u2013 Ritaskr\u00e1r"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fylgirit me\u00f0 greinaflokknum Fr\u00e1 h\u00f6fu\u00f0skepnum til frumeinda og \u00f6reinda: \u00cdslendingar og kenningar um innstu ger\u00f0 og e\u00f0li efnisins<\/a>.<\/p>\n

DR\u00d6G<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

A.\u00a0 Yfirlitsrit um s\u00f6gu efniskenninga
\nB.\u00a0 D\u00e6mi um vel \u00feekkt rit \u00ed Danaveldi til 1850
\nC.\u00a0 Nokkur fr\u00f3\u00f0leg rit \u00e1 \u00edslensku 1780 \u2013 2020<\/p>\n

Sj\u00e1 einnig skr\u00e1na\u00a0Nokkur gagnleg rit um v\u00edsindas\u00f6gu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A. Yfirlitsrit um s\u00f6gu efniskenninga<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>(a) Nokkrar Wikiped\u00edugreinar<\/p>\n

Matter<\/a>; Philosophy of matter<\/a>; Classical element<\/a>; Atomism<\/a>; History of molecular theory<\/a>; Kinetic theory of gases<\/a>; Light<\/a>; History of electromagnetic theory<\/a>; Luminiferous aether<\/a>; Atomic theory<\/a>; History of subatomic physics<\/a>; History of quantum mechanics<\/a>; History of condensed matter physics<\/a>;<\/strong> History of quantum field theory<\/a>;<\/strong> History of general relativity<\/a>; Theory of everything<\/a>.<\/p>\n

(b) \u00darval b\u00f3ka og greina (h\u00f6fundar \u00ed stafr\u00f3fsr\u00f6\u00f0)<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Ball, P., 2002: The Elements: A Very Short Introduction<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  2. Ball, P., 2021: The Elements: A Visual History of Their Discovery<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  3. Brock, W.H., 2000: The Chemical Tree: A History of Chemistry<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  4. Brown, L.M., A. Pais & B. Pippard (ristj.), 1995: Twentieth Century Physics<\/a> (3 bindi).<\/li>\n
  5. Brush, S.G., 1976: The Kind of Motion We Call Heat: A History of the Kinetic Theory of Gases in the 19th Century. I: Physics and the Atomists. II: Statistical Physics and Irreversible Processes<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  6. Brush, S.G., 2003: The Kinetic Theory of Gases: An Anthology of Classic Papers with Historical Commentary<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  7. Buchwald, J.Z. & R. Fox (ritstj.), 2013:\u00a0The Oxford Handbook of the History of Physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  8. Carlip, S. og fl., 2015: Quantum Gravity: A Brief History of Ideas and Some Prospects<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  9. Chalmers, A., 2009: The Scientist’s Atom and the Philosopher’s Stone: How Science Succeeded and Philosophy Failed to Gain Knowledge of Atoms<\/a>. (M. Matthews: Ums\u00f6gn<\/a>.)<\/li>\n
  10. Chalmers, A, 2014: Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  11. Close, F., 2011: The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  12. Constable, E.C. & C.E. Housecroft, 2020: Chemical Bonding: The Journey from Miniature Hooks to Density Functional Theory<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  13. Crease, R.P. & C.C. Mann, 1996: The Second Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Twentieth-Century Physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  14. Dijksterhuis, E.J., 1986: The Mechanization of the World Picture: From Pythagoras to Newton<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  15. Debus, A.G., 1977: The Chemical Philosophy: Paracelsian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  16. Ebbesen, S. & C. H. Koch, 2002-2004: Den danske filosofis historie 1-5<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  17. Eddy, M.D., S.H. Mauskopf & W.R. Newman (ritstj.), 2014: Chemical Knowledge in the Early Modern World<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  18. Einar J\u00fal\u00edusson, 1987: \u201eGeimgeislar.\u201c \u00cd b\u00f3kinni \u00cd hlutarins e\u00f0li: Afm\u00e6lisrit til hei\u00f0urs \u00deorbirni Sigurgeirssyni pr\u00f3fessor<\/a><\/em>, bls. 349-379.<\/li>\n
  19. Etheridge, E. & M. Campopiano, 2021: Medieval Science in the North: Travelling Wisdom, 1000-1500<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  20. Gillispie, C.C. (a\u00f0alritstj.), 1981-1990: Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1-18<\/a>. Til \u00ed \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0arb\u00f3khl\u00f6\u00f0u. Rafr\u00e6n \u00fatg\u00e1fa\u00a0h\u00e9r<\/a>. Sj\u00e1 einnig Koertge (2007).<\/li>\n
  21. Grant, E., 1996: The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  22. Grant, E., 2007: A History of Natural Philosophy From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  23. Gu\u00f0ni G. Sigur\u00f0sson, 1987: \u201eTilraunir \u00ed \u00f6reindafr\u00e6\u00f0i.\u201c \u00cd b\u00f3kinni \u00cd hlutarins e\u00f0li: Afm\u00e6lisrit til hei\u00f0urs \u00deorbirni Sigurgeirssyni pr\u00f3fessor<\/a><\/em>, bls. 381-399.<\/li>\n
  24. Harman, P.M., 1982: Energy, Force, and Matter: The Conceptual Development of <\/a>\u00a0Nineteenth-Century Physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  25. Heilbron, J.L., 1982: Elements of Early Modern Physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  26. Hoddeson, L., E. Braun, J. Teichmann & S. Weart (ritstj.), 1992: Out of the Crystal Maze: <\/a>Chapters from the History of Solid State Physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  27. Hoddeson, L., L.M. Brown, M. Riordan & M. Dresden, 1997: The Rise of the Standard Model: A History of Particle Physics from 1964 to 1979<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  28. Holden, T., 2004: The Architecture of Matter: Galileo to Kant<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  29. Holliday, L., 1970: Early Views on Forces between Atoms<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  30. Jakob Yngvason, 2015: \u201eAt\u00f3m og sameindir: St\u00e6r\u00f0 \u00feeirra og fj\u00f6ldi.\u201c \u00cd b\u00f3kinni Einstein: <\/a>Eindir og afst\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>, bls. 107-132.<\/li>\n
  31. Keller, A., 1983: The Infancy of Atomic Physics: Hercules in His Cradle<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  32. Koertge, N. (a\u00f0alritstj.), 2007:New Dictionary of Scientific Biography 1-8<\/a>. Vi\u00f0b\u00f3t vi\u00f0 Gillispie (1981-1990). Rafr\u00e6n \u00fatg\u00e1fa\u00a0h\u00e9r<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  33. Kragh, H., 1999: Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  34. Kragh, H., H. Nielsen, K. Hvidtfelt Nielsen & P.C. Kj\u00e6rgaard, 2005-2006:Dansk Naturvidenskabs Historie 1-4<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  35. Kragh, H., 2011: Higher Speculations: Grand Theories and Failed Revolutions in Physics <\/a>and Cosmology<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  36. Kragh, H., 2012: Niels Bohr and the Quantum Atom: The Bohr Model of Atomic Structure <\/a>1913-1925<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  37. Lindberg, D.C., 2007: The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific <\/a>Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to A.D. 1450<\/a>. Second Edition.<\/li>\n
  38. Lindberg, D.C. & R.L. Numbers (a\u00f0alritstj.), 2008-2020: The Cambridge History of Science 1-8<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  39. Lindley, D., 2001: Boltzmann\u2019s Atom: The Great Debate that Launched a Revolution in <\/a>Physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  40. L\u00fcthy, C.H., J.E. Murdoch & W.R. Newman, 2001: Late Medieval and Early Modern Corpuscular Matter Theories<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  41. McMullin, E. (ritsj.), 1965: The concept of matter in Greek and medieval philosophy<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  42. Morus, I.R., 2005: When Physics Became King<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  43. Nye M.J. (ritstj.), 1984: The Question of the Atom. From the Karlsruhe Congress to the Solvay Conference, 1860-1911<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  44. Nye, M.J., 1996: Before Big Science: The Pursuit of Modern Chemistry and Physics, 1800-1940<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  45. Pais, A., 1982: \u2018Subtle is the Lord\u2026\u2019: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  46. Pais, A., 1986: Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  47. Pais, A., 1991: Niels Bohr\u2019s Times: In Physics, Philosophy and Polity<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  48. Principe, L.M., 2013: The Secrets of Alchemy<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  49. Pullman, B., 1998: The Atom in the History of Human Thought<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  50. Riordan, M. (ritstj.), 1997: 100 Years of Particle Physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  51. Rocke, A.J., 1984: Chemical Atomism in the Nineteenth Century: From Dalton to Cannizzaro<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  52. Russell, B., 1923: The ABC of Atoms<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  53. Scerri, E. & E. Ghibaudi, 2020: What Is a Chemical Element?<\/a><\/li>\n
  54. Schweber, S.S., 1994: QED and the Men Who Made it: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and<\/a> Tomonaga<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  55. Smith, C.S., 1965: The Prehistory of Solid-State Physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  56. Stone, D., 2013: Einstein and the Quantum: The Quest of the Valiant Swabian<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  57. Toulmin, S. & J. Goodfield, 1962: The Architecture of Matter<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  58. Van Melsen, A.G., 1952: From Atomos to Atom: The History of the Concept Atom<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  59. Weinberg, S., 2003: The Discovery of Subatomic Particles<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  60. Weinberg, S., 2021: Foundations of Modern Physics<\/a><\/li>\n
  61. \u00deorsteinn J. Halld\u00f3rsson, 2015: \u201eTilg\u00e1ta um tv\u00ede\u00f0li lj\u00f3ss.\u201c \u00cd b\u00f3kinni Einstein: Eindir og<\/a> afst\u00e6\u00f0i,<\/a> bls. 186-220.<\/li>\n
  62. \u00deorsteinn Vilhj\u00e1lmsson (ritstj.), 2015: Eindir og afst\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/h3>\n

     <\/p>\n

    B. D\u00e6mi um vel \u00feekkt rit \u00ed Danaveldi 1550 \u2013 1850<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

    H\u00e9r er einkum um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00fdmsar kennslub\u00e6kur og al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0urit, \u00fear sem m.a. er fjalla\u00f0 um efniskenningar. Telja m\u00e1 fullv\u00edst, a\u00f0 l\u00e6r\u00f0ir \u00cdslendingar fyrri alda hafi haft a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 \u00feessum verkum, e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum svipu\u00f0um. Ritunum er ra\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00ed aldursr\u00f6\u00f0.<\/p>\n

    (a) L\u00e6rd\u00f3ms\u00f6ld<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Arist\u00f3teles<\/a>, fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed um mi\u00f0ja fj\u00f3r\u00f0u \u00f6ld f.o.t.: Um himnana<\/a>, Lofthj\u00fapsfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>, N\u00e1tt\u00faruspeki<\/a>, Um myndun og ey\u00f0ingu<\/a>, etc<\/a>. Fyrsta heildar\u00fatg\u00e1fan af verkum Arist\u00f3telesar kom \u00e1 prenti 1495-98.<\/li>\n
    2. Sacrobosco<\/a>, fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed um 1230: De sphaera mundi<\/a>. Kom fyrst \u00e1 prenti 1472.<\/li>\n
    3. P. Melanchthon<\/a>, 1550: Initia doctrinae physicae<\/a>.<\/li>\n
    4. C. Bartholin<\/a>, 1628: Systema physicum<\/a>.<\/li>\n
    5. R. Descartes<\/a>, 1644: Principia philosophia<\/a>.<\/li>\n
    6. H. Nansen<\/a>, 1646: Compendium cosmographicum et chronologicum<\/a>. \u00c1 d\u00f6nsku.<\/li>\n
    7. O. Borch<\/a>, 1668: De Ortu et Progressu Chemiae Dissertatio<\/a>.<\/li>\n
    8. C.T. Bartholin<\/a>, 1692: Specimen philosophiae naturalis<\/a>.<\/li>\n
    9. A. Le Grand<\/a>, 1695: Institutio Philosophiae, Secundum Principia D. Renati Descartes<\/a>.<\/li>\n
    10. G. Detharding<\/a>, 1740: Fundamenta scientiae naturalis<\/a>.<\/li>\n
    11. P.N. Horrebow<\/a>, 1748: Elementa Philosophiae Naturalis<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      (b) Uppl\u00fdsing og r\u00f3mant\u00edk<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. W.J. \u2019s Gravesande<\/a>, 1720-21: Physices elementa mathematica experimentis confirmata I<\/a> & II<\/a>. Kom \u00ed m\u00f6rgum \u00fatg\u00e1fum.<\/li>\n
      2. H. Boerhaave<\/a>, 1732: Elementa chemiae I<\/a> & II<\/a>. Kom \u00ed m\u00f6rgum \u00fatg\u00e1fum.<\/li>\n
      3. P. Musschenbroek<\/a>, 1734: Elementa physicae<\/a>. Kom \u00ed m\u00f6rgum \u00fatg\u00e1fum.<\/li>\n
      4. J.G. Kr\u00fcger<\/a>, 1740-49: Naturlehre I<\/a>, II<\/a>, III<\/a>.<\/li>\n
      5. C. Wolff<\/a>, 1747: Vern\u00fcnfftige Gedancken von Gott, der Welt und der Seele des Menschen, auch allen Dingen \u00fcberhaupt<\/a>.<\/li>\n
      6. N. Wallerius<\/a>, 1750-52: Systema metaphysicum I<\/a>, II<\/a>, III<\/a> & IV<\/li>\n
      7. J.E. Gunnerus<\/a>, 1757: Institutiones metaphysicae scholis academicis potissimum adcommodatae<\/a>.<\/li>\n
      8. R.J. Boscovich<\/a>, 1763: Theoria philosophiae naturalis<\/a>. (\u00datg\u00e1fa fr\u00e1 1922, \u00e1samt enskri \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu.)<\/li>\n
      9. C.G. Kratzenstein<\/a>, 1764: Systema physicae experimentalis<\/a>.<\/li>\n
      10. H. von Aphelen<\/a>, 1771-72: Chymisk Dictionnaire<\/a> (\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing \u00e1 verki franska efnafr\u00e6\u00f0ingsins P.-J. Macquers<\/a>).<\/li>\n
      11. C.G. Kratzenstein, 1782: Vorlesungen \u00fcber die experimental Physik<\/a>. Ein \u00fatg\u00e1fa af fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum.<\/li>\n
      12. N. Tychsen<\/a>, 1784: Chemisk Haandbog I<\/a>, II<\/a>, III<\/a>.<\/li>\n
      13. C. Bastholm<\/a>, 1787, Philosophie for Ul\u00e6rde<\/a>.<\/li>\n
      14. J.C.P. Erxleben<\/a>, 1790: Begyndelsesgrunde til Naturl\u00e6ren<\/a>.<\/li>\n
      15. C.G. Kratzenstein, 1791: Forel\u00e6sninger over Experimental-Physiken<\/a>.<\/li>\n
      16. L. Euler<\/a>, 1792-93: Breve til en Prindsesse i Tydskland.\u00a0<\/em>B\u00f3kin kom upphaflega \u00fat \u00e1 fr\u00f6nsku \u00ed P\u00e9tursborg 1768\u201372. Sj\u00e1 enska \u00fatg\u00e1fu fr\u00e1 1802: Vol. I<\/a> & Vol. II<\/a> \u00e1samt ums\u00f6gn<\/a>.<\/li>\n
      17. A.W. Hauch<\/a>, 1799: Begyndelses-Grunde til Naturl\u00e6ren. F\u00f8rste Deel<\/a>. (Ums\u00f6gn<\/a> \u00d6rsteds.); Anden Deel<\/a>. (Ums\u00f6gn<\/a> \u00d6rsteds.)<\/li>\n
      18. H.C. \u00d8rsted<\/a>, 1809: Videnskaben om Naturens almindelige Love. – F\u00f8rste Bind<\/a>.<\/li>\n
      19. H.C. \u00d8rsted, 1811: F\u00f8rste Indledning til den almindelige Naturl\u00e6re<\/a>.<\/li>\n
      20. H.C. \u00d8rsted, (1812): Kraftl\u00e6ren<\/a>. \u00deetta verk kom ekki \u00e1 prenti fyrr en 2003, en innihaldi\u00f0 gefur a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum g\u00f3\u00f0a hugmynd um h\u00e1sk\u00f3lafyrirlestra \u00d6rsteds um efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 fyrri hluta n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu aldar.<\/li>\n
      21. J.H.J. M\u00fcller<\/a> & C.S.M. Pouillet<\/a>, 1843: Lehrbuch der Physik und Meteorologie. Erster Band<\/a> & Zweiter Band<\/a>.<\/li>\n
      22. H.C. \u00d8rsted, 1844: Naturl\u00e6rens mechaniske Deel<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        <\/h3>\n

         <\/p>\n

        C. Nokkur fr\u00f3\u00f0leg rit \u00e1 \u00edslensku 1650 \u2013 2020<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

        H\u00e9r eru, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e9g veit best, talin upp \u00f6ll helstu rit \u00e1 \u00edslensku, \u00fear sem efniskenningar koma vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu. Einhverjar \u00e1hugaver\u00f0ar greinar kunna \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00fatundan \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu eftir 1960, me\u00f0al annars \u00ed dagbl\u00f6\u00f0um. \u00c9g tel, a\u00f0 skr\u00e1in gefi gagnlegar uppl\u00fdsingar um \u00fer\u00f3unina h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, b\u00e6\u00f0i hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar almenna \u00feekkingu og al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ufr\u00e6\u00f0slu \u00e1 \u00feessu svi\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

        (a) 1650 \u20131780<\/p>\n

        Athugasemd: Til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar r\u00edmb\u00f3kum \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar biskups \u00deorl\u00e1kssonar tel \u00e9g r\u00e9tt, efnisins vegna, a\u00f0 nefna h\u00e9r ritger\u00f0ir \u00e1 erlendum m\u00e1lum eftir fj\u00f3ra a\u00f0ra \u00edslenska h\u00f6funda:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. G\u00edsli \u00deorl\u00e1ksson, 1651: De stellis fixes et errantibus<\/a> (Um fastastj\u00f6rnur og f\u00f6ruhnetti; latnesk disp\u00fatat\u00eda). Fyrsta prenta\u00f0a ritger\u00f0in um stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i eftir \u00edslenskan h\u00f6fund. S\u00ed\u00f0ari hlutinn fjallar um eiginleika f\u00f6ruhnattanna. \u00dear er b\u00e6\u00f0i stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 efnaspeki og stj\u00f6rnuspeki.<\/li>\n
        2. \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur \u00deorl\u00e1ksson, 1671: Enchiridion – \u00fea\u00f0 er handb\u00f3karkorn<\/a> (\u201eG\u00edslar\u00edm\u201c). Kom aftur \u00fat 1692, l\u00edtilega breytt, undir heitinu : Calendarium Perpetuum – \u00c6varande Tijmatal <\/a>\u00a0(\u201e\u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arr\u00edm\u201c). Inniheldur annars vegar eil\u00edf\u00f0arr\u00edm og veraldlegan fr\u00f3\u00f0leik og hins vegar gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt efni. \u00cd vi\u00f0aukum er me\u00f0al annars fjalla\u00f0 um r\u00edmfr\u00e6\u00f0i, kvartil tunglsins, f\u00f6ruhnetti og d\u00fdrahringinn auk l\u00e6knislistar, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al bl\u00f3\u00f0t\u00f6kur og vessakenningar me\u00f0 efnaspekilegu og stj\u00f6rnuspekilegu \u00edvafi. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar h\u00e9r<\/a>.<\/li>\n
        3. \u00deorleifur \u00deorleifsson<\/a>, 1755-56: Monaderne Monaderne I<\/a>, II<\/a>, III<\/a> & IV<\/a>. Greinar \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku um m\u00f3n\u00f6\u00f0ufr\u00e6\u00f0i Leibniz \u00ed Ki\u00f6benhavnske nye Tidender om l\u00e6rde og curieuse Sager 1755-56<\/a>. Sj\u00e1 einnig \u00feessa grein<\/a> (bls. 7).<\/li>\n
        4. Stef\u00e1n Bj\u00f6rnsson, 1759: De usu astronomi\u00e6 in medicina<\/a> (Um gagnsemi stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed l\u00e6knislist; latnesk disp\u00fatat\u00eda). Me\u00f0al annars er fjalla\u00f0 um t\u00f3mi\u00f0 og \u00fdmsa vaka.<\/li>\n
        5. Sk\u00fali Thorlacius, 1766: Dissertatio metaphysica de mundo<\/a> (Frumspekileg tilraun um heiminn; latnesk disp\u00fatat\u00eda). Sk\u00fali m\u00e6lir m.a. gegn \u00f3endanlegri deilingu efnisins (divisio physica) \u00ed \u00feessu riti. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar h\u00e9r<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          (b) 1780\u20131895<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Magn\u00fas Stephensen<\/a>, 1782: Um meteora, e\u00f0a vedr\u00e1ttufar, loptsi\u00f3nir og adra n\u00e1tt\u00farliga tilburdi \u00e1 si\u00f3 og landi<\/a>. Fyrsta greinin um lofthj\u00fapsfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00edslensku.<\/li>\n
          2. Magn\u00fas Stephensen, 1783: Compendium Physic\u00e6 experimentali<\/a> (Skipulegt \u00e1grip af tilraunae\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i). Handrit: 560, 4to<\/em>. Titill \u00e1 lat\u00ednu, en megintexti \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku.<\/li>\n
          3. Sveinn P\u00e1lsson, 1788: Um kalkverkun af j\u00f8rdu og steinum<\/a>. Fyrsta ritsm\u00ed\u00f0in um efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00edslensku.<\/li>\n
          4. P.F. Suhm<\/a>, 1798: S\u00e1 gudlega \u00feenkjandi N\u00e1tt\u00faru-sko\u00f0ari, \u00fead er Hugleiding yfir Bygg\u00edngu Heimsins, edur Handaverk Guds \u00e1 Himni og J\u00f8r\u00f0u. Asamt annari Hugleidingu um Dygdina<\/a>. (Sj\u00e1 t.d. bls. 31-32.) Danska \u00fatg\u00e1fan er fr\u00e1 1769. \u00de\u00fd\u00f0andinn, J\u00f3n J\u00f3nsson<\/a> (hinn l\u00e6r\u00f0i), skrifa\u00f0i fr\u00f3\u00f0legar ne\u00f0anm\u00e1lsgreinar, sem b\u00e6ta miklu vi\u00f0 frumtexta Suhms.<\/li>\n
          5. Magn\u00fas Stephensen, 1819: Helztu lopt-tegundir I<\/a><\/em>, <\/em>II<\/a><\/em> & <\/em>III<\/a><\/em>.<\/em><\/li>\n
          6. Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson, 1842: Nj\u00f3la, edur audveld skodun himinsins, med \u00fear af flj\u00f3tandi hugleid\u00edngum um h\u00e1tign Guds og alheims \u00e1formid, eda hans tilg\u00e1ng med heiminn<\/a>. Bodsrit til ad hlusta \u00e1 \u00de\u00e1 opinberu yfirheyrslu \u00ed Bessastada Sk\u00f3la \u00feann 23-28 Maji 1842<\/em>, bls. 5-105. Lj\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 kom \u00fat aftur 1853 \u00f6rl\u00edti\u00f0 breytt og \u00ed \u00feri\u00f0ja sinn 1884. Fjalla\u00f0 er um efniskenningu h\u00f6fundarins \u00ed IV. kafla.<\/li>\n
          7. J.G. Fischer, 1852: E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>. \u00de\u00fd\u00f0andi Magn\u00fas Gr\u00edmsson. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nari umfj\u00f6llun \u00ed \u00feessari f\u00e6rslu<\/a>.<\/li>\n
          8. J\u00f3n Hjaltal\u00edn, 1856: V\u00edsindin, reynslan og \u201eHom\u00f6opatharnir\u201c<\/a>. (Sj\u00e1 bls. 10.)<\/li>\n
          9. Magn\u00fas J\u00f3nsson, 1857: Hjaltal\u00edn og v\u00edsindin e\u00f0a svar upp \u00e1 rit hans \u201eV\u00edsindin, reynslan og hom\u00f6opatharnir\u201c<\/a>. (Sj\u00e1 bls. 38.)<\/li>\n
          10. Benedikt Gr\u00f6ndal, 1872: T\u00edminn<\/a> (bls. 28-36). M.a. r\u00e6tt um litr\u00f3f og litr\u00f3fsgreiningu, sennilega \u00ed fyrsta sinn \u00e1 \u00edslensku. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar undir lok \u00feessarar greinar<\/a>.<\/li>\n
          11. \u00de\u00f3rarinn B\u00f6\u00f0varsson, 1874: Lestrarb\u00f3k handa al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0u \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/a>.<\/li>\n
          12. Benedikt Gr\u00f6ndal, 1878: Steinafr\u00e6\u00f0i og jar\u00f0arfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/li>\n
          13. H.E. Roscoe<\/a>, 1879: Efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>. Benedikt Gr\u00f6ndal \u00fe\u00fdddi.<\/li>\n
          14. \u00deorvaldur Thoroddsen, 1882: S\u00f3lin og lj\u00f3si\u00f0<\/a>. M.a. r\u00e6tt um litr\u00f3fsgreiningu og efnin \u00ed s\u00f3linni.<\/li>\n
          15. Benedikt Gr\u00f6ndal, 1886: Efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/li>\n
          16. H. De Parville, 1891-93: Hvers vegna?\u2013Vegna \u00feess! Spurningakver n\u00e1tt\u00faruv\u00edsindanna<\/em>. Gu\u00f0mundur Magn\u00fasson \u00fe\u00fdddi. Kaupmannah\u00f6fn 1891-93.<\/li>\n
          17. Anon, 1893: Lj\u00f3sranns\u00f3kn (Spectralanalysis).<\/a> \u00de\u00fdtt efni.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            (c) 1895 – 1930<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Nikul\u00e1s Run\u00f3lfsson, 1896: Merkileg uppg\u00f6tvun<\/a>. Sagan a\u00f0 baki uppg\u00f6tvunar R\u00f6ntgens rakin \u00ed \u00f6rstuttu m\u00e1li. Uppg\u00f6tvuninni s\u00ed\u00f0an ly\u0301st \u00ed jafnstuttu m\u00e1li. \u00c1 eftir greininni er vi\u00f0b\u00f3t eftir ritstj\u00f3rann, Valty\u0301 Gu\u00f0mundsson: \u201estutt samantekt \u00far fr\u00e9ttabl\u00f6\u00f0um\u201c.<\/li>\n
            2. J\u00f3n \u00deorl\u00e1ksson, 1899: Framfarir n\u00e1tt\u00faruv\u00edsindanna \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum<\/a>. a. er fjalla\u00f0 um uppg\u00f6tvanir \u00e1 ny\u0301jum frumefnum og uppg\u00f6tvun R\u00f6ntgens.<\/li>\n
            3. G.B., 1902: \u201eR\u00f6ntgen.\u201c Almanak hins \u00edslenzka \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0vinaf\u00e9lags<\/em>, 28, 1902, bls. 28\u201330. Um R\u00f6ntgen og uppg\u00f6tvun hans og notkun geislanna \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/li>\n
            4. Anon, 1903: Radium og \u00f6nnur geisliefni I<\/a>, II<\/a>, III<\/a>, & IV<\/a>. \u00de\u00fdtt efni.<\/li>\n
            5. Sigur\u00f0ur \u00de\u00f3r\u00f3lfsson, 1907: Fr\u00f3\u00f0leiks-molar: Frumagnir og frumv\u00e6gi I<\/a>, II<\/a>, III<\/a>, IV<\/a>, & V<\/a>.<\/li>\n
            6. \u00deorkell \u00deorkelsson (?), 1909: Ernest Rutherford<\/a>.<\/li>\n
            7. \u00deorvaldur Thoroddsen, 1910: V\u00edsindalegar n\u00fdjungar og stefnubreytingar n\u00fat\u00edmans I<\/a>, II<\/a>, III<\/a>. \u00cd I er m.a. fjalla\u00f0 um at\u00f3m, sameindir og geislavirkni. Minnst \u00e1 Thomson og rafeindina. Poincar\u00e9 nefndur \u00e1 nafn. Ekkert um afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenninguna. Lj\u00f3svakinn nefndur \u00e1 bls. 11.<\/li>\n
            8. \u00c1g\u00fast H. Bjarnason, 1910: Efniskenningin n\u00fdja<\/a>. Heimspekileg umfj\u00f6llun. Fjalla\u00f0 um e\u00f0li lj\u00f3ss: agnir e\u00f0a bylgjur? R\u00e6tt um lj\u00f3svakann, at\u00f3m og sameindir, ny\u0301 frumefni, litr\u00f3f og litr\u00f3fsm\u00e6lingar, hvirfilat\u00f3m Thomsons. V\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed b\u00f3k Crookes um geislandi efni fr\u00e1 1879, r\u00e6tt um Hertz og Marconi, kat\u00f3\u00f0ugeisla, Thomson og rafeindina, geislavirkni.<\/li>\n
            9. Brynj\u00falfur J\u00f3nsson<\/a> (fr\u00e1 Minna-N\u00fapi), 1912: Saga hugsunar minnar um sj\u00e1lfan mig og tilveruna<\/a> (\u00fatg\u00e1fa fr\u00e1 1997). Fjallar m.a. um eindakenningu Brynj\u00falfs.<\/li>\n
            10. Steingr\u00edmur Matth\u00edasson, 1913: Undram\u00e1lmurinn Rad\u00edum og geislamagn I<\/a> & II<\/a>.<\/li>\n
            11. Gu\u00f0mundur Hl\u00ed\u00f0dal, 1914: R\u00f6ntgengeislar<\/a>.<\/li>\n
            12. Gunnlaugur Claessen, 1915: \u201eFr\u00fa Curie.\u201c Almanak hins \u00edslenzka \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0vinaf\u00e9lags<\/em>, 41, 1915, bls. 13\u201317. Um M. Curie, rad\u00edumgeisla og \u00e1hrif \ufb02eirra \u00e1 mannsl\u00edkamann. Notkun vi\u00f0 l\u00e6kningar.<\/li>\n
            13. \u00c1g\u00fast H. Bjarnason, 1915-19: Heimsmyndin n\u00fdja I<\/a>, II<\/a>, III<\/a>, IV<\/a>, V<\/a> og VI<\/a>. Efnisyfirlit I og II: Heimspekilegur inngangur. I. Um uppruna og \u00fer\u00f3un efnisins: (a) Um uppruna og efni s\u00f3lkerfanna. (b) Geislandi efni og upplausn \ufb02eirra. (c) Frumeindir og sameindir. \u00d3l\u00edfr\u00e6n og l\u00edfr\u00e6n efnasamb\u00f6nd. \u00cd II. er svo fjalla\u00f0 um uppruna og \u00fer\u00f3un l\u00edfsins, um l\u00edfsfrj\u00f3 sem berast milli hnatta og um l\u00edf og \u00fer\u00f3un jar\u00f0arinnar.<\/li>\n
            14. \u00deorvaldur Thoroddsen, 1916: Hin ny\u0301ja stj\u00f6rnulist<\/a>. M.a. er fjalla\u00f0 um lj\u00f3svakann, litr\u00f3f og litr\u00f3fsm\u00e6lingar.<\/li>\n
            15. Gunnlaugur Claessen, 1916: R\u00f6ntgensgeislar<\/a>. Einkum um notkun geislanna \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, en einnig \u00ed i\u00f0na\u00f0i.<\/li>\n
            16. \u00deorkell \u00deorkelsson, 1916: Hva\u00f0 eru R\u00f6ntgens-geislar?<\/a> E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg \u00fatsky\u0301ring \u00e1 e\u00f0li og eiginleikum r\u00f6ntgengeislunar. Til s\u00f6gu nefndir menn eins og Laue, Braggfe\u00f0gar og fleiri.<\/li>\n
            17. \u00deorvaldur Thoroddsen, 1917: Heimur og geimur<\/a>. M.a. fjalla\u00f0 um lj\u00f3svakann (bls. 38-42).<\/li>\n
            18. Valdemar Steffensen, 1918: Rad\u00edum<\/em>. Akureyri 1918. Fjalla\u00f0 um s\u00f6gu R\u00f6ntgengeisla og geislavirkni almennt. Sagt fr\u00e1 R\u00f6ntgen, Becquerel, Curie og fl. S\u00ed\u00f0an r\u00e6tt um rad\u00eduml\u00e6kningar.<\/li>\n
            19. \u00d3lafur \u00d3lafsson (Hjar\u00f0arholti), 1919: Orkugjafar aldanna: N\u00fd parad\u00eds \u00ed v\u00e6ndum?<\/a> Hugvekja um orkunotkun og orkugjafa \u00ed gegnum aldirnar. Minnst \u00e1 \u201evarmadau\u00f0ann\u201c og Tyndell, Siemens, Helmholtz og Thomson \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed sambandi. Einnig spjalla\u00f0 um geislavirkni. Curie hj\u00f3nin nefnd til s\u00f6gu. Minnst \u00e1 Rutherford, Ramsey og Soddy. V\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f3nefnt rit eftir Soddy. \u00cd lokin er hugsa\u00f0 til framt\u00ed\u00f0ar: 1950, 2050 og loks 2810.<\/li>\n
            20. Gunnlaugur Claessen, 1919: Rad\u00edum<\/a>. Fjalla\u00f0 um geislavirkni. Becquerel nefndur til s\u00f6gu og einnig Curie hj\u00f3nin. Rad\u00edum sko\u00f0a\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega. Tala\u00f0 um alfa, beta og gamma geisla. Seinni hlutinn er um notkun geislavirkra efna, einkum rad\u00edums, \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/li>\n
            21. Anon, 1920: Merkasta uppg\u00f6tvun v\u00edsindanna I<\/a> & II<\/a>. Fr\u00e9tt.<\/li>\n
            22. Anon, 1920: Pr\u00f3fessor Rutherford og frumeindakenningin<\/a>. Fr\u00e9tt.<\/li>\n
            23. \u00c1g\u00fast H. Bjarnason, 1921-22: Rutherford: Um ger\u00f0 frumeindanna<\/a>.<\/li>\n
            24. \u00deorkell \u00deorkelsson, 1922: Frumefnin og frumpartar \u00feeirra<\/a>. Fjalla\u00f0 um \u00fer\u00f3un at\u00f3mv\u00edsinda fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sk\u00f6mmu fyrir 1900: Ny\u0301 frumefni, geislavirkni, at\u00f3m og sameindir, lotukerfi\u00f0, sams\u00e6tur og rafeindir. Minnst \u00e1 Rutherford \u00ed lokin.<\/li>\n
            25. Trausti \u00d3lafsson, 1924: Frumeindakenning n\u00fat\u00edmans<\/a>. Eimrei\u00f0in, 30, 1924, bls. 30-44. Saga at\u00f3mkenningarinnar rakin stuttlega. Thomson og rafeindin, Rutherford og kjarninn. Geislavirkni. Rafeindakenning Lorentz. Minnst \u00e1 Planck en ekki Einstein. At\u00f3mkenning Bohrs.<\/li>\n
            26. Trausti \u00d3lafsson, 1925: Um atomkenningu Bohr\u2019s<\/a>. All \u00edtarleg fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt \u00fattekt \u00e1 at\u00f3mkenningu Bohrs. Minnst \u00e1 skammtahugmynd Plancks. R\u00e6tt um lj\u00f3sskammta \u00e1 lo\u00f0inn h\u00e1tt, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 nafn Einsteins s\u00e9 nefnt.<\/li>\n
            27. \u00c1g\u00fast H. Bjarnason, 1929: Heimsmynd v\u00edsindanna<\/a>. B\u00f3kin fjallar um heimsmynd stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i og e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og s\u00f6gu \ufb02eirra. M.a. er b\u00e6\u00f0i r\u00e6tt um takm\u00f6rku\u00f0u og almennu afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenninguna. \u00de\u00e1 er fjalla\u00f0 um at\u00f3m og sameindir, rafeindir, r\u00f6ntgengeisla, geislavirkni, at\u00f3mkjarna og geimgeisla. R\u00e6tt um skammtafr\u00e6\u00f0i Plancks og Einsteins, at\u00f3mkenningu Bohrs og minnst \u00e1 De Broglie, Heisenberg og Schr\u00f6dinger. \u00cd seinni hluta b\u00f3karinnar er fjalla\u00f0 um heimsmynd stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0innar, uppruna s\u00f3lkerfanna og l\u00edfsins sem og j\u00f6r\u00f0ina og s\u00f6gu hennar. \u00cd lokin er svo fjalla\u00f0 \u00e1 heimspekilegan h\u00e1tt um upphaf og endalok, orsakal\u00f6gm\u00e1li\u00f0 og fleira. – Trausti \u00d3lafsson, 1931: Ritd\u00f3mur<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              (d) 1930-1960<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \u00c1sgeir Magn\u00fasson, 1930: Efnisheimur I<\/a> & II<\/a>. Umfj\u00f6llun um efni\u00f0 og kenningar um \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed gegnum t\u00ed\u00f0ina. Frumefni, mismunandi \u00e1stand efnisins, rafeindin, Rutherford og kjarninn, geislavirkni, at\u00f3mkenning Bohrs.<\/li>\n
              2. Vilhj\u00e1lmur \u00de. G\u00edslason, 1932: N\u00fdjar at\u00f3mranns\u00f3knir: Dr. Cockroft og dr. Walton<\/a>.<\/li>\n
              3. J. Jeans. 1933: Endalok<\/a>. \u00c1sgeir Magn\u00fasson \u00fey\u0301ddi lauslega \u00far lokakafla b\u00f3karinnar The Universe Around U<\/em>s fr\u00e1 1929. Vangaveltur Jeans um \u00fer\u00f3un efnisins og breytingu \u00feess \u00ed rafsegulgeislun me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum.<\/li>\n
              4. Trausti Einarsson, 1935: Litrofin og \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing \u00feeirra fyrir ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 s\u00f3linni<\/a>.<\/li>\n
              5. Bj\u00f6rn Franzson, 1938: Efnisheimurinn<\/a>. \u00cd eftirm\u00e1la segir m.a.: \u201eFyrirmyndir a\u00f0 riti \u00feessu hef \u00e9g engar haft, hvorki um framsetningu n\u00e9 ni\u00f0urskipun efnisins, en au\u00f0vita\u00f0 hef \u00e9g um sta\u00f0reyndir stu\u00f0zt vi\u00f0 fj\u00f6lda erlendra fr\u00e6\u00f0ib\u00f3ka.\u201c Efnisyfirlit: Heimsmyndir. Hin hei\u00f0a aflfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00d6ldur lj\u00f3ssins. Eindir efnisins. Rafmagn og segulmagn. Hamfarir orkunnar. Efnisgeislan. Rafsegulgeislan. Hinn sm\u00e1i heimur. Hinn mikli heimur. Afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenningin. Hi\u00f0 lifandi efni. Ritd\u00f3mar: (a) Sigurkarl Stef\u00e1nsson, 1938: Ritd\u00f3mur<\/a>; (b) Yngvi J\u00f3hannesson, 1939: Ritd\u00f3mur<\/a>; (c) Gu\u00f0mundur Arnlaugsson, 1939: Ritd\u00f3mur<\/a> & (d) Erling Ellingsen, 1939: Ritd\u00f3mur I<\/a>, II<\/a> & III<\/a>.<\/li>\n
              6. E. Curie, 1939: Fr\u00fa Curie<\/a>. Krist\u00edn \u00d3lafsd\u00f3ttir \u00edslenska\u00f0i. \u00c6visaga Mar\u00edu Curie eftir d\u00f3ttur hennar, Evu.<\/li>\n
              7. Helgi H\u00e1lfd\u00e1narson, 1939: Fer\u00f0alangar. \u00c6vint\u00fdri handa b\u00f6rnum og unglingum<\/a>.<\/li>\n
              8. Sigurkarl Stef\u00e1nsson, 1940: Niels Bohr<\/a>. Um Bohr og at\u00f3mkenningu hans.<\/li>\n
              9. Trausti \u00d3lafsson, 1940: Efni og orka<\/a>. Saga at\u00f3mranns\u00f3kna \u00ed stuttu m\u00e1li. Rafeindin, kjarninn, geislavirkni, nifteindin og r\u00f3teindin. Kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, hringhra\u00f0allinn. Efni og orka skv. Einstein. Orkulind s\u00f3lstjarna.<\/li>\n
              10. Bj\u00f6rn Franzson, 1945: Ny\u0301jungar \u00ed t\u00e6kni og v\u00edsindum: Hagny\u0301ting kjarnorkunnar<\/a>.<\/li>\n
              11. J. Jeans, 1945: \u201eFrumeindaranns\u00f3knir.\u201c \u00de\u00fd\u00f0andi Bj\u00f6rn Franzson. \u00cd b\u00f3kinni Undur veraldar<\/a>. Rv\u00edk 1945 (bls. 167-177).<\/li>\n
              12. C.C. Furnas, 1945: \u201eGamanspjall um frumeindir.\u201c \u00de\u00fd\u00f0andi Bj\u00f6rn Franzson. \u00cd b\u00f3kinni Undur veraldar<\/a>. Rv\u00edk 1945 (bls. 177-178).<\/li>\n
              13. H. Schacht, 1945: \u201e\u00c1 fer\u00f0 \u00ed frumeindaheiminum: Lawrence og kjarnaklj\u00fafurinn.\u201c \u00de\u00fd\u00f0andi Bj\u00f6rn Franzson. \u00cd b\u00f3kinni Undur veraldar<\/a>. Rv\u00edk 1945 (bls. 179-188).<\/li>\n
              14. \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, 1945: Gullger\u00f0arlist n\u00fat\u00edmans<\/a>. Um at\u00f3me\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/li>\n
              15. Sveinn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson, 1945: Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen 1845\u20131923<\/a>.<\/li>\n
              16. Anon, 1945: At\u00f3morku\u00f6ldin I<\/a> & II<\/a>. \u00de\u00fdtt \u00far t\u00edmaritinu Time.<\/li>\n
              17. Ingi R. Helgason, 1945: Hin mikla kjarnorkusprengja<\/a>.<\/li>\n
              18. Stein\u00fe\u00f3r Sigur\u00f0sson, 1946: Kjarnorka<\/a>.<\/li>\n
              19. Sveinn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson, 1946: At\u00f3man og orka hennar I<\/a> & II<\/a>.<\/li>\n
              20. \u00d3skar B. Bjarnason, 1946: Kjarnorkan<\/a>.<\/li>\n
              21. Stein\u00fe\u00f3r Sigur\u00f0sson, 1946: Kjarnorka<\/a>. Um kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og kjarnorku og hagny\u0301tingu hennar.<\/li>\n
              22. Trausti Einarsson, 1947: Kjarnorkan og vald mannsins yfir efninu<\/a>.<\/li>\n
              23. D. Dietz: 1947: Kjarnorka \u00e1 komandi t\u00edmum<\/a>. \u00c1g\u00fast H. Bjarnason \u00edslenska\u00f0i.<\/li>\n
              24. H. Tyr\u00e9n, 1947: \u00c1 morgni at\u00f3maldar<\/a>. \u00d3lafur Bj\u00f6rnsson (l\u00e6knir) \u00fey\u0301ddi. Rv\u00edk 1947.<\/li>\n
              25. \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, 1949: Geimgeislar<\/a>. Inniheldur m.a. stutt yfirlit um takm\u00f6rku\u00f0u afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenninguna.<\/li>\n
              26. \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, 1950: \u00dar \u00fer\u00f3unars\u00f6gu at\u00f3mv\u00edsindanna<\/a>. Almanak hins \u00edslenzka \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0vinaf\u00e9lags<\/em>, 1950, bls. 77\u2013100.<\/li>\n
              27. Magn\u00fas Magn\u00fasson, 1955: Greinaflokkur um kjarnorku 0<\/a>, I<\/a>, II<\/a> & III<\/a>.<\/li>\n
              28. \u00d3skar B. Bjarnason, 1955: Innri ger\u00f0 efnisins I<\/a>, II<\/a>, III<\/a>, IV<\/a>, V<\/a>, VI<\/a>, VII<\/a> & VIII<\/a>.<\/li>\n
              29. Gu\u00f0mundur Arnlaugsson: Hvers vegna\u2013Vegna \u00feess. I (223 bls.), II (238 bls.) Rv\u00edk 1956\u201357. M.a. er fjalla\u00f0 um \u00f6reindir, at\u00f3m og at\u00f3mkjarna \u00e1 bls. 125\u2013135 \u00ed II.<\/li>\n
              30. C.G. Koch, 1958: At\u00f3m\u00f6ldin I<\/a>, II<\/a>, III<\/a>, IV<\/a>, V<\/a>, VI<\/a>, VII<\/a>, VIII<\/a>, IX<\/a>, X<\/a>, XI<\/a>, XII<\/a>, XIII<\/a>, XIV<\/a>, & XV<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                (e) \u00d3fullkomin skr\u00e1 fyrir t\u00edmabili\u00f0 1960-2020<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Steingr\u00edmur Baldursson, 1961: Efni og andefni<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                2. \u00d6rn Helgason, 1967: \u201eI\u00f0ur at\u00f3manna.\u201c Almanak hins \u00edslenzka \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0vinaf\u00e9lags<\/em>, 1967, bls. 103\u2013112.<\/li>\n
                3. B. Henius, 1968: Fyrsti kjarnaofn heimsins<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                4. R.E. Lapp og fl., 1968: Efni\u00f0<\/a>. G\u00edsli \u00d3lafsson \u00fey\u0301ddi. Form\u00e1li eftir Magn\u00fas Magn\u00fasson. \u00cd flokknum Alfr\u00e6\u00f0isafn AB<\/em>.<\/li>\n
                5. \u00deorstein S\u00e6mundsson, 1969: N\u00f6fn frumefnanna<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                6. A. Einstein, 1970: Afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenningin<\/a>. \u00de\u00fd\u00f0andi \u00deorsteinn Halld\u00f3rsson. Inngangur eftir Magn\u00fas Magn\u00fasson.<\/li>\n
                7. \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur J\u00f3nsson, 1977: Enn n\u00fdir kvarkar<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                8. \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur J\u00f3nsson, 1981: Hva\u00f0 er skammtasvi\u00f0sfr\u00e6\u00f0i?<\/a><\/li>\n
                9. \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur J\u00f3nsson, 1985: Hva\u00f0 er \u00f6reind?<\/a><\/li>\n
                10. \u00deorsteinn Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, 1986-87: Heimsmynd \u00e1 hverfanda hveli: Sagt fr\u00e1 heimss\u00fdn v\u00edsindanna fr\u00e1 \u00f6ndver\u00f0u fram yfir daga Newtons, I-II<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                11. Einar J\u00fal\u00edusson, 1987: \u201eGeimgeislar.\u201c \u00cd b\u00f3kinni \u00cd hlutarins e\u00f0li: Afm\u00e6lisrit til hei\u00f0urs \u00deorbirni Sigurgeirssyni pr\u00f3fessor<\/a><\/em>, bls. 349-379.<\/li>\n
                12. Gu\u00f0ni G. Sigur\u00f0sson, 1987: \u201eTilraunir \u00ed \u00f6reindafr\u00e6\u00f0i.\u201c \u00cd b\u00f3kinni \u00cd hlutarins e\u00f0li: Afm\u00e6lisrit til hei\u00f0urs \u00deorbirni Sigurgeirssyni pr\u00f3fessor<\/a><\/em>, bls. 381-399.<\/li>\n
                13. Jakob Yngvason, 1987: \u201eSkammtafr\u00e6\u00f0i og veruleiki.\u201c \u00cd b\u00f3kinni \u00cd hlutarins e\u00f0li: Afm\u00e6lisrit til hei\u00f0urs \u00deorbirni Sigurgeirssyni pr\u00f3fessor<\/a><\/em>, 401\u2013428.<\/li>\n
                14. \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur J\u00f3nsson, 1989: \u201eStrengjafr\u00e6\u00f0i. Kenningin um allt e\u00f0a ekkert?\u201c \u00cd r\u00e1\u00f0stefnuritinu E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00cdslandi IV<\/em>. Ritstj. Jakob Yngvason og \u00deorsteinn Vilhj\u00e1lmsson. Rv\u00edk 1989, bls. 173\u2013194.<\/li>\n
                15. S. Hawking, 1990: Saga t\u00edmans<\/a>. \u00de\u00fd\u00f0andi Gu\u00f0mundur Arnlaugsson. Inngangur eftir L\u00e1rus Thorlacius.<\/li>\n
                16. J\u00f3n K.F. Geirsson, 1995: Nafngiftir frumefnanna<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                17. S. Weinberg, 1998: \u00c1r var alda<\/a>. \u00dey\u0301\u00f0andi Gu\u00f0mundur Arnlaugsson. Inngangur eftir Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson.<\/li>\n
                18. R.P. Feynman, 2000: Lj\u00f3si\u00f0<\/a>. \u00de\u00fd\u00f0andi Hj\u00f6rtur J\u00f3nsson. Inngangur eftir \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0 J\u00f3nsson.<\/li>\n
                19. L\u00e1rus Thorlacius, 2001: Efni\u00f0 og alheimurinn<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                20. Andri S. Bj\u00f6rnsson, 2004: V\u00edsindabyltingin og r\u00e6tur hennar \u00ed forn\u00f6ld og \u00e1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum<\/em>. Rv\u00edk 2004.<\/li>\n
                21. L\u00e1rus Thorlacius, 2004: Svarthol og skammtafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                22. \u00deorsteinn Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, 2009: Skammtafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed lj\u00f3si v\u00edsindas\u00f6gu og heimspeki<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                23. Ott\u00f3 El\u00edasson, 2010: Hverskonar veruleika l\u00fdsir skammtafr\u00e6\u00f0i?<\/a><\/li>\n
                24. S. Hawking & L. Mlodinow, 2011: Skipulag alheimsins<\/em>. \u00de\u00fd\u00f0endur Baldur Arnarson og Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson.<\/li>\n
                25. L. Randall, 2012: M\u00e1ttur t\u00f3mar\u00famsns: Higgs-eindin fundin<\/em>. \u00de\u00fd\u00f0endur Baldur Arnarsson og Sveinn \u00d3lafsson. Inngangur eftir Svein \u00d3lafsson.<\/li>\n
                26. \u00deorsteinn Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, 2015: Eindir og afst\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                27. Jakob Yngvason, 2015: \u201eAt\u00f3m og sameindir: St\u00e6r\u00f0 \u00feeirra og fj\u00f6ldi.\u201c \u00cd b\u00f3kinni Eindir og afst\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>, bls. 107-132.<\/li>\n
                28. \u00deorsteinn J. Halld\u00f3rsson, 2015: \u201eTilg\u00e1ta um tv\u00ede\u00f0li lj\u00f3ss.\u201c \u00cd b\u00f3kinni Eindir og afst\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>, bls. 186-220.<\/li>\n
                29. C. Rovelli<\/a>, 2017: Sj\u00f6 stuttir fyrirlestrar um e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>. <\/em>\u00de\u00fd\u00f0andi Gu\u00f0bj\u00f6rn Sigurmundsson.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Til baka \u00ed efnisyfirlit<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Fylgirit me\u00f0 greinaflokknum Fr\u00e1 h\u00f6fu\u00f0skepnum til frumeinda og \u00f6reinda: \u00cdslendingar og kenningar um innstu ger\u00f0 og e\u00f0li efnisins. DR\u00d6G A.\u00a0 Yfirlitsrit um s\u00f6gu efniskenninga B.\u00a0 D\u00e6mi um vel \u00feekkt rit \u00ed Danaveldi til 1850 C.\u00a0 Nokkur fr\u00f3\u00f0leg rit \u00e1 \u00edslensku 1780 \u2013 2020 Sj\u00e1 einnig skr\u00e1na\u00a0Nokkur gagnleg rit um v\u00edsindas\u00f6gu.   A. Yfirlitsrit um s\u00f6gu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,4,5,7,9,12,13,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20449","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-atjanda-oldin","category-edlisfraedi","category-efnafraedi","category-midaldir","category-nitjanda-oldin","category-sautjanda-oldin","category-sextanda-oldin","category-tuttugasta-oldin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20449","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20449"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20449\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20449"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=20449"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=20449"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}