{"id":20623,"date":"2023-01-16T16:37:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-16T16:37:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/?p=20623"},"modified":"2023-01-16T16:37:00","modified_gmt":"2023-01-16T16:37:00","slug":"niels-bohr-og-islendingar-ii-timabilid-fra-1920-til-1950","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/?p=20623","title":{"rendered":"Niels Bohr og \u00cdslendingar II: T\u00edmabili\u00f0 fr\u00e1 1920 til 1950"},"content":{"rendered":"

Efnisyfirlit<\/a>
\n<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n

Niels Bohr og verk hans fram a\u00f0 seinni heimstyrj\u00f6ldinni<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1923 l\u00e9t \u00fe\u00fdski e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Max Born<\/a> \u00feau or\u00f0 falla um Bohr<\/a>, a\u00f0 \u201e\u00e1hrif hans \u00e1 kennilegar ranns\u00f3knir og tilraunastarfsemi [samt\u00edmans v\u00e6ru] meiri en allra annarra e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inga<\/em>\u201c. Fj\u00f6rut\u00edu \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar skrifa\u00f0i annar \u00feekktur e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur, Werner Heisenberg<\/a>, svo \u00ed minningargrein um meistarann: \u201eBohr haf\u00f0i meiri \u00e1hrif \u00e1 e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inga \u00feessarar aldar en nokkur annar, jafnvel meiri en <\/em>Albert Einstein<\/em><\/a>.\u201c<\/p>\n

Tilvitnanirnar eru teknar \u00far b\u00f3kinni Niels Bohr\u2019s Times: In Physics, Philosophy and Polity<\/a> eftir A. Pais<\/a> fr\u00e1 1991 (bls. 14), riti sem flestir e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar telja bestu heimildina um Bohr og verk hans. Fyrir \u00fe\u00e1, sem \u00e1huga hafa, m\u00e1 finna skr\u00e1 aftast \u00ed VI. kafla<\/a> f\u00e6rslunnar yfir a\u00f0rar \u00e1hugaver\u00f0ar ritsm\u00ed\u00f0ar um Bohr, \u00e6vi hans og st\u00f6rf. A\u00f0 auki eru \u00e1g\u00e6tis yfirlitsgreinar um \u00feennan merka v\u00edsindamann \u00ed Wikipediu<\/a> og \u00e1 MacTutor<\/a> vefs\u00ed\u00f0unni.<\/p>\n

Vert er a\u00f0 nefna, a\u00f0 framangreind umm\u00e6li Heisenbergs eru fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1963, e\u00f0a um svipa\u00f0 leyti og hin mikla endurreisn almennu afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenningarinnar<\/a> var a\u00f0 hefjast fyrir alv\u00f6ru. \u00dear koma ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 n\u00fdjum fyrirb\u00e6rum eins og nifteindastj\u00f6rnum<\/a>, svartholum<\/a>, \u00feyngdarlinsum<\/a> og \u00feyngdarbylgum<\/a> mj\u00f6g vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu, auk \u00edtarlegra ranns\u00f3kna \u00e1 heimsmynd n\u00fat\u00edma stjarnv\u00edsinda<\/a>. \u00deessi sveifla er sennilega megin\u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feess, a\u00f0 \u00ed dag er Einstein mun \u00feekktari en Bohr, b\u00e6\u00f0i me\u00f0al raunv\u00edsindamanna og leikmanna. \u00d6nnur \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 munurinn \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, hvernig ranns\u00f3knani\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur og kenningar \u00feessara tveggja afbur\u00f0amanna hafa var\u00f0veist \u00ed gegnum t\u00ed\u00f0ina. \u00cd hinni \u00e1g\u00e6tu umfj\u00f6llun F. Wilczeks<\/a> um b\u00f3k Pais, What Did Bohr Do?<\/a> er fjalla\u00f0 \u00e1 sannf\u00e6randi h\u00e1tt um \u00feetta seinna atri\u00f0i, allavega hva\u00f0 Bohr var\u00f0ar (bls. 347):<\/p>\n

In the ordinary course of their training most physicists, let alone others, may get an insufficient appreciation of Bohr\u2018s contribution. It is because his most characteristic work was in provisional theories, often of a semi-phenomenological character, whose technical content has been largely superseded. Even in areas of interpretation of quantum mechanics, where his ideas are still very much alive, it seems most unlikely that a doctrine of limitation and renunciation, however revolutioary and constructive in its time, can satisfy ambious minds or endure indefinitly. Like the rest it will be digested and transformed and in its new form no longer bear Bohr\u2018s distinctive mark or name explicity. Yet, as his contemporaries realized, no one will have contributed more to the finished product.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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Tuttugu og sex \u00e1ra gamall Niels Bohr<\/a> (1885-1962) \u00e1 lei\u00f0 til Kaupmannahafnar fr\u00e1 Manchester sumari\u00f0 1912. Um \u00feetta leyti var hann a\u00f0 taka fyrstu skrefin vi\u00f0 m\u00f3tun hins \u00feekkta skammtal\u00edkans s\u00edns fyrir at\u00f3m og sameindir. Lj\u00f3smynd: Niels Bohr Archive.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bohr var g\u00f3\u00f0ur n\u00e1msma\u00f0ur alla s\u00edna sk\u00f3lag\u00f6ngu. Hann lauk magisterpr\u00f3fi \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i (cand. mag.) fr\u00e1 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lanum \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn \u00e1ri\u00f0 1909 og tveimur \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar hlaut hann doktorsnafnb\u00f3t (dr. phil<\/a>.) fr\u00e1 sama sk\u00f3la, \u00fe\u00e1 tuttugu og fimm \u00e1ra gamall. A\u00f0alkennari hans og lei\u00f0beinandi var C. Christiansen<\/a> pr\u00f3fessor, sem var einnig einn af kennurum fyrstu \u201el\u00f6ggiltu\u201c \u00edslensku verkfr\u00e6\u00f0inganna og raunv\u00edsindamannanna, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00feeirra Nikul\u00e1sar Run\u00f3lfssonar<\/a> (cand. mag. 1890), Sigur\u00f0ar Thoroddsen<\/a> (cand. polyt. 1891), \u00deorkels \u00deorkelssonar<\/a> (cand. mag. 1903) og \u00d3lafs Dan Dan\u00edelssonar<\/a> (mag. scient. 1904; dr. phil. 1909<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Kennslub\u00e6kur Christiansens, Indledning til den matematiske fysik I<\/a> & II (sj\u00e1 einnig \u00fe\u00fdska \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu<\/a>) og L\u00e6rebog i fysik I<\/a> & II gefa sennilega g\u00f3\u00f0a hugmynd um b\u00f3klegu e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ikennsluna vi\u00f0 Fj\u00f6llistask\u00f3lann<\/a> og Kaupmannahafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00e1 \u00e1ratugunum \u00ed kringum aldam\u00f3tin 1900 (sj\u00e1 einnig h\u00e9r<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Annar mikilv\u00e6gur kennari \u00e1 h\u00e1sk\u00f3la\u00e1rum Bohrs var fj\u00f6lskylduvinur hans, heimspekingurinn H. H\u00f8ffding<\/a>, sem \u00cdslendingar \u00feekkja einna helst vegna \u00e1hrifa hans \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 \u00c1g\u00fast H. Bjarnason<\/a> (cand. mag. 1901; dr. phil. 1911) og Gu\u00f0mund Finnbogason<\/a> (cand. mag. 1901; dr. phil. 1911). Enn \u00feann dag \u00ed dag er reyndar rifist um \u00fea\u00f0, hversu mikil \u00e1hrif H\u00f8ffding haf\u00f0i \u00e1 hugmyndir Bohrs \u00ed \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

Flj\u00f3tlega eftir doktorsv\u00f6rnina f\u00f3r Bohr til Englands og vann sem n\u00fddoktor, fyrst hj\u00e1\u00a0 J.J. Thomsson<\/a> \u00ed Cambrigde og s\u00ed\u00f0an hj\u00e1 E. Rutherford<\/a> \u00ed Manchester. Sumari\u00f0 1912 sneri hann aftur til Danmerkur.<\/p>\n

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Fr\u00e1 vinstri: J.J. Thomson, E. Rutherford og N. Bohr. Myndir: Wikipedia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00deegar heim var komi\u00f0, byrja\u00f0i Bohr \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 giftast unnustu sinni, Margrethe N\u00f8rlund<\/a>, og ger\u00f0ist s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0sto\u00f0arkennari \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i hj\u00e1 M. Knudsen<\/a>, eftirmanni Christiansens vi\u00f0 Kaupmannahafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la og Fj\u00f6llistask\u00f3lann. \u00c1 me\u00f0an hann var \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn vann hann a\u00f0 hinu byltingarkennda at\u00f3ml\u00edkani s\u00ednu<\/a>, sem hann birti \u00ed \u00feremur hlutum<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1913 og \u00f6\u00f0la\u00f0ist heimsfr\u00e6g\u00f0 fyrir nokkru s\u00ed\u00f0ar. Hausti\u00f0 1914 fluttist hann \u00e1 n\u00fd til Manchester, n\u00fa sem a\u00f0sto\u00f0arpr\u00f3fessor \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 Rutherfords.<\/p>\n

\u00d3h\u00e6tt mun a\u00f0 fullyr\u00f0a, a\u00f0 at\u00f3ml\u00edkan Bohrs hafi marka\u00f0 upphaf skammtabyltingarinnar miklu \u00e1 fyrri hluta tuttugustu aldar. Sem kunnugt er, haf\u00f0i M. Planck<\/a> innleitt orkuskammta<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1900 og Einstein lj\u00f3sskammtana<\/a> fimm \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar, en \u00fea\u00f0 var fyrst og fremst notkun og t\u00falkun Bohrs \u00e1 skammtahugtakinu \u00ed e\u00f0lis- og efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1ri\u00f0 1913, sem kom skri\u00f0unni af sta\u00f0.<\/p>\n

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Fr\u00e1 vinstri: M. Planck og A. Einstein. Myndir: Wikipedia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cd h\u00f3pi \u00feeirra, sem auk Bohrs t\u00f3ku \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00fer\u00f3un skammtakenningarinnar<\/a> \u00e1 \u00e1rum fyrri heimsstyrjaldarinnar, m\u00e1 nefna hinn \u00feekkta \u00fe\u00fdska e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ing, A. Sommerfeld<\/a>, sem me\u00f0al annars var l\u00e6rimeistari \u00feeirra Heisenbergs<\/a>, W. Paulis<\/a>, H. Bethes<\/a>, R. Peierls<\/a> og fj\u00f6lmargra annarra merkra raunv\u00edsindamanna, sem sumir \u00e1ttu eftir a\u00f0 koma vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu skammtafr\u00e6\u00f0innar, allt fr\u00e1 upphafi \u00feri\u00f0ja \u00e1ratugs tuttugustu aldar og vel fram \u00e1 \u00feann sj\u00f6unda.<\/p>\n

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Sommerfeld og Bohr \u00ed heims\u00f3kn vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Lundi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1919. Lj\u00f3smyndari er \u00f3\u00feekktur.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n