{"id":20870,"date":"2023-03-13T14:40:21","date_gmt":"2023-03-13T14:40:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/?p=20870"},"modified":"2023-03-13T14:40:21","modified_gmt":"2023-03-13T14:40:21","slug":"niels-bohr-og-islendingar-iv-a-kjarnorka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/?p=20870","title":{"rendered":"Niels Bohr og \u00cdslendingar IV: (a) Kjarnorka"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2023\/01\/16\/niels-bohr-og-islendingar-i-inngangur-og-efnisyfirlit\/\">Efnisyfirlit<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Eins og sagt var fr\u00e1 \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2023\/01\/16\/niels-bohr-og-islendingar-ii-timabilid-fra-1920-til-1950\/\">II. kafla<\/a>, var \u00fea\u00f0 ekki fyrr en eftir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.org\/publications\/apsnews\/200705\/physicshistory.cfm\">fund nifteindarinnar<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1932 og <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.org\/publications\/apsnews\/201904\/history.cfm\">framk\u00f6llun fyrstu kjarnahvarfanna me\u00f0 hra\u00f0li<\/a> sama \u00e1r, sem Niels Bohr h\u00f3f sj\u00e1lfur a\u00f0 stunda <a href=\"https:\/\/nbi.ku.dk\/english\/www\/niels\/bohr\/kernefysik\/\">kennilegar ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>. \u00a0\u00c1ri\u00f0 1936 setti hann fram tilt\u00f6lulega einfalt en gagnlegt l\u00edkan fyrir \u00e1rekstra at\u00f3mkjarna, hi\u00f0 svokalla\u00f0a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/compound-nucleus-model\">svipkjarnal\u00edkan<\/a>. Eftir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.org\/publications\/apsnews\/200712\/physicshistory.cfm\">uppg\u00f6tvun kjarnaklofnunar<\/a> \u00ed \u00e1rslok 1938, h\u00f3f Bohr svo samvinnu vi\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkjamanninn <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Archibald_Wheeler\">J.A. Wheeler<\/a>, sem leiddi til <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pugetsound.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/file\/7579_Bohr%20liquid%20drop_0.pdf\">fr\u00e6grar greinar<\/a> um \u00feetta n\u00fdja fyrirb\u00e6ri hausti\u00f0 1939. Um svipa\u00f0 leyti braust seinni heimsstyrj\u00f6ldin \u00fat. Fj\u00f3rum \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00feurfti Bohr a\u00f0 fl\u00fdja heimaland sitt vegna gy\u00f0ingaofs\u00f3kna nazista \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20976\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20976\" style=\"width: 483px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20976\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/Bohr-Wheeler-300x159.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"483\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Bohr-Wheeler-300x159.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Bohr-Wheeler.jpg 584w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 483px) 100vw, 483px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20976\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Niels Bohr til vinstri og John A. Wheeler. Myndir: Wikipedia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_physics\">Nuclear Physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discovery_of_nuclear_fission\">Discovery of Nuclear Fission<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Reader, J. &amp; C.W. Clark, 2013: <a href=\"http:\/\/atlas.physics.arizona.edu\/~shupe\/Physics_Courses\/Phys_586_S2015_S2016_S2017\/Readings_MS\/Year1932.pdf\">1932, a watershed year in nuclear physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wheeler, J.A., 1963: <a href=\"https:\/\/physicstoday.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1063\/1.3050561\">Niels Bohr and Nuclear Physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wheeler, J.A., 1989: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1146\/annurev.ns.39.120189.005033\">Fission in 1939: The Puzzle and the Promise<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Mottelson, B.R., 1985: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nishina-mf.or.jp\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/OCR_nkz-24.pdf\">Niels Bohr and the Development of Concepts in Nuclear Physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Dahl, P.F., 2002: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=2wyjDwAAQBAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">From Nuclear Transmutation to Nuclear Fission, 1932-1939<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Pais, A., 1986: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Inward-Bound-Matter-Forces-Physical\/dp\/0198519974\">Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Mladjenovi\u0107, M., 1992: History Of Early Nuclear Physics, Vol I (1896-1931): Radioactivity And Its Radiations.<\/li>\n<li>Mladjenovi\u0107, M., 1998: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Defining-Years-Nuclear-Physics-1932-1960s\/dp\/0750304723\">The Defining Years in Nuclear Physics, 1932-1960s<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>Christian M\u00f8ller og J.C. Jacobsen<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00c1 \u00feessu stigi er full \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 kynna til s\u00f6gunnar tvo merka danska e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, \u00fe\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/biografiskleksikon.lex.dk\/J.C._Jacobsen_-_fysiker\">J.C. Jacobsen<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_M%C3%B8ller_(fysiker)\">Christian M\u00f8ller<\/a>, \u00fe\u00f3 ekki v\u00e6ri nema vegna \u00feess, a\u00f0 \u00feeir voru a\u00f0alkennarar \u00deorbj\u00f6rns Sigurgeirssonar \u00ed seinnihlutan\u00e1mi hans vi\u00f0 Kaupmannahafnar-h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. B\u00e1\u00f0ir \u00e1ttu \u00feeir s\u00ed\u00f0ar eftir a\u00f0 hafa t\u00f6luver\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00fdmsa a\u00f0ra \u00edslenskra e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inga.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20977\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20977\" style=\"width: 462px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20977\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/Mo\u0308llerJacobsen-300x187.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"462\" height=\"288\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20977\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Christian M\u00f8ller til vinstri og J.C. Jacobsen.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Pihl, M., 1983: \u201eFysik.\u201c \u00cd <em>Det matematisk-naturvidenskabelige Fakultet, 1. del: Fakultetets almindelige historie, Matematik, Datalogi, Statistik, Forsikringsmatematik, Geod\u00e6si, Astronomi, Fysik, Kemi<\/em> (bls. 365-426). Verki\u00f0 er 12ta bindi\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00f6gu Kaupmannahafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la, <a href=\"https:\/\/universitetshistorie.ku.dk\/yderligere_information\/litteratur\/\">K\u00f8benhavns Universitet 1479-1979, bind I-XIV, udgivet af K\u00f8benhavns Universitet ved 500-\u00e5rs-jubil\u00e6et<\/a>, sem kom \u00fat \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1979-2005 \u00ed a\u00f0alritstj\u00f3rn S. Elleh\u00f8j, L. Grane &amp; fl.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>J.C. Jacobsen (\u201ehinn \u00fe\u00f6gli\u201c) var \u00ed h\u00f3pi fyrstu samstarfsmanna N\u00edelsar Bohr, eftir a\u00f0 E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnunin t\u00f3k til starfa \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1920-21. Hann var fram\u00farskarandi tilraunae\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur og stj\u00f3rna\u00f0i fr\u00e1 upphafi tilraunastarfseminni, sem fram f\u00f3r vi\u00f0 Blegdamsvej. Hann starfa\u00f0i samhli\u00f0a vi\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3109\/00016923109137632\">Geislame\u00f0fer\u00f0arstofnunina<\/a> (sem s\u00ed\u00f0ar var\u00f0 hluti af <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Finseninstituttet\">Finsen-stofnuninni<\/a>) \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn og vann s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00f6tullega a\u00f0 undirb\u00faningi verkefna vi\u00f0 <em>CERN<\/em> og <em>Ris\u00f6<\/em>. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1941 var\u00f0 hann pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed tilraunae\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Kaupmannahafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la.<\/p>\n<p>Jacobsen stj\u00f3rna\u00f0i h\u00f6nnun og sm\u00ed\u00f0i fyrsta hringhra\u00f0alsins \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku, sem settur var upp \u00e1 E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnun Bohrs \u00e1ri\u00f0 1938, a\u00f0eins \u00f6rf\u00e1um \u00e1rum eftir a\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_Lawrence\">E.O. Lawrence<\/a> lauk vi\u00f0 sinn <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aps.org\/publications\/apsnews\/200306\/history.cfm\">fyrsta hringhra\u00f0al<\/a> \u00ed Berkeley 1931.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20978\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20978\" style=\"width: 494px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20978\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/NBI_hringhradall_1938-300x216.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"494\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/NBI_hringhradall_1938-300x216.png 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/NBI_hringhradall_1938-768x552.png 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/NBI_hringhradall_1938.png 910w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 494px) 100vw, 494px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20978\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">J.C. Jacobsen og Bohr vi\u00f0 hringhra\u00f0al E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnunarinnar \u00e1ri\u00f0 1938. Hra\u00f0allinn var \u00ed fyrstu til h\u00fasa \u00ed kjallaranum \u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.math.ku.dk\/english\/about\/history\/staff-and-buildings\/\">St\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0istofnuninni<\/a>, s\u00f6mu byggingu og <em>NORDITA<\/em> f\u00e9kk s\u00ed\u00f0ar til afnota. \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson \u00e1tti eftir a\u00f0 vinna a\u00f0 \u00fdmsum verkefnum me\u00f0 \u00feessum hra\u00f0li \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1940 til 1943.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Lassen, N.O., 1965(?): <a href=\"https:\/\/biografiskleksikon.lex.dk\/J.C._Jacobsen_-_fysiker\">J.C. Jacobsen<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Jacobsen, J.C., 1941: <a href=\"http:\/\/gymarkiv.sdu.dk\/MFM\/kdvs\/mfm%2010-19\/mfm-19-2.pdf\">Construction of a Cyclotron<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Lassen, N.O., 1963: \u201eLidt af historien om cyklotronen p\u00e5 Niels Bohr institutet.\u201c \u00cd ritinu <a href=\"https:\/\/snu.dk\/niels-bohr-mindeskrift-kan-nu-laeses-online\/\">Niels Bohr: Et Mindeskrift<\/a>. (Sj\u00e1 einnig <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abebooks.com\/book-search\/author\/hansen-k-g-and-lassden-n-o?cm_sp=det-_-srp-_-author\">h\u00e9r<\/a>.) Ritstj. K.G. Hansen &amp; fl. (bls. 90-119).<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li>Kvikmynd, 1938: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.danmarkpaafilm.dk\/klip\/jubilaeum-paa-niels-bohr-institutet\">Jubil\u00e6um p\u00e5 Niels Bohr Institutet<\/a> (3:17)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Christian M\u00f8ller var einn af fyrstu d\u00f6nsku st\u00fadentunum, sem l\u00f6g\u00f0u s\u00e9rstaklega fyrir sig kennilega e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i undir alhli\u00f0a lei\u00f0s\u00f6gn N\u00edelsar Bohr. \u00cd seinnihlutan\u00e1minu vi\u00f0 E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnunina s\u00f3tti hann me\u00f0al annars kennileg n\u00e1mskei\u00f0 hj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Werner_Heisenberg\">W. Heisenberg<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/biografiskleksikon.lex.dk\/Oskar_Klein\">O. Klein<\/a> og tilraunan\u00e1mskei\u00f0 hj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/biografiskleksikon.lex.dk\/H.M._Hansen\">H.M. Hansen<\/a>. Hann lauk pr\u00f3fi (mag. scient.) 1929, hlaut doktorsnafnb\u00f3t (dr. phil.) 1932 og h\u00f3f st\u00f6rf sem kennari vi\u00f0 Kaupmannahafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la 1933. \u00c1 \u00e1runum 1943 til 1975 var hann \u00fear \u00ed s\u00e9rstakri pr\u00f3fessorsst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i. Auk ranns\u00f3kna og kennslu, sinnti hann \u00fdmsum stj\u00f3rnunarst\u00f6rfum vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann, <em>CERN<\/em>, <em>NORDITA<\/em> og v\u00ed\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pihl, M., (19??): <a href=\"https:\/\/biografiskleksikon.lex.dk\/Christian_M%C3%B8ller\">Christian M\u00f8ller<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Bengt Str\u00f6mgren, 1981: <a href=\"http:\/\/publ.royalacademy.dk\/backend\/web\/uploads\/2019-10-03\/AFL%204\/O_1980_00_00_1981_5138\/O_1980_03_00_1981_5135.pdf\">Christian M\u00f8ller<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00f8ller, C., 1963: \u201eNogle Erindringer fra Livet p\u00e5 Bohrs\u00a0 Institut i sidste Halvdel af Tyverne.\u201c \u00cd ritinu <a href=\"https:\/\/snu.dk\/niels-bohr-mindeskrift-kan-nu-laeses-online\/\">Niels Bohr: Et Mindeskrift<\/a>. (Sj\u00e1 einnig <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abebooks.com\/book-search\/author\/hansen-k-g-and-lassden-n-o?cm_sp=det-_-srp-_-author\">h\u00e9r<\/a>.) Ritstj. K.G. Hansen &amp; fl. (bls. 54-64).<\/li>\n<li>M\u00f8ller, C., 1977: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.royalacademy.dk\/Publications\/High\/5378_M%C3%B8ller,%20C.pdf\">Omv\u00e6ltninger i fysikernes tankes\u00e6t i vort \u00e5rhundrede.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>AIP: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aip.org\/history-programs\/oral-histories\/search?search_api_views_fulltext=Christian+Moller&amp;captcha_sid=84730066&amp;captcha_token=O-BV0N4SjY-UhyhqCKrDqADwaliUtsr8lkEfheYcq6s\">Vi\u00f0t\u00f6l vi\u00f0 Christian M\u00f8ller<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cd kjarna- og \u00f6reindafr\u00e6\u00f0i er M\u00f8ller sennilega \u00feekktastur fyrir svokalla\u00f0a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%B8ller_scattering\">M\u00f8llersdreifingu<\/a>, sem gefur d\u00e1g\u00f3\u00f0a l\u00fdsingu \u00e1 \u00e1rekstrum rafeinda \u00e1 afst\u00e6\u00f0ilegum hra\u00f0a. \u00de\u00e1 kemur <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%B8ller%E2%80%93Plesset_perturbation_theory\">M\u00f8ller-Plesset a\u00f0fer\u00f0in<\/a> svonefnda a\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0um notum vi\u00f0 \u00fdmsa fl\u00f3kna reikninga \u00ed efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Roqu\u00e9, X., 1992: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/6167587\/M%C3%B8ller_scattering_a_neglected_application_of_early_quantum_electrodynamics\">M\u00f8ller scattering: a neglected application of early quantum electrodynamics<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Kragh, H., 1992: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/41133922.pdf\">Relativistic Collisions: The work of Christian M\u00f8ller in the 1930s<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Kragh, H., 2022: <a href=\"https:\/\/riviste.fupress.net\/index.php\/subs\/article\/view\/1564\">Chemists Without Knowing It? : Computational Chemistry and the M\u00f8ller-Plesset Perturbation Theory<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Kragh, H., 2022: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kemifokus.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/DAK2-2022-s28-29.pdf\">Et glemt dansk bidrag til kvantekemien<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Kragh, H., 2022: <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00016-022-00289-5\">Brecht, Galileo, and M\u00f8ller: A View from Copenhagen, 1938\u20131939<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20979\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20979\" style=\"width: 467px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20979\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/AtomerRel-300x202.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"467\" height=\"315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/AtomerRel-300x202.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/AtomerRel-1024x689.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/AtomerRel-768x517.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/AtomerRel-1536x1034.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/AtomerRel-2048x1378.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 467px) 100vw, 467px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20979\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00deekktustu b\u00e6kur M\u00f8llers eru al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uriti\u00f0 <em>Atomer og andre smaating<\/em> (1938) og kennslub\u00f3kin \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/theoryofrelativi029229mbp\/page\/n7\/mode\/2up\">The Theory of Relativity<\/a> (1952). S\u00fa fyrri var ritu\u00f0 \u00ed samvinnu vi\u00f0 tilraunae\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inginn <a href=\"https:\/\/biografiskleksikon.lex.dk\/Ebbe_Rasmussen\">E. Rasmussen<\/a> og Bohr skrifa\u00f0i form\u00e1la. B\u00f3kin var flj\u00f3tlega \u00fe\u00fddd \u00e1 ensku (<em>The World and the Atom<\/em>) og kom s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed m\u00f6rgum endurb\u00e6ttum d\u00f6nskum \u00fatg\u00e1fum. Riti\u00f0 um afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenninguna var\u00f0 hins vegar ein helsta kennslub\u00f3kin \u00ed kenningum Einsteins um heim allan, allt til loka sj\u00f6unda \u00e1ratugar tuttugustu aldar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00c1\u00f0ur en M\u00f8ller h\u00f3f n\u00e1m vi\u00f0 E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnun Bohrs hausti\u00f0 1926, heims\u00f3tti hann Hamborg og s\u00f3tti \u00fear hina r\u00f3mu\u00f0u fyrirlestra <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wolfgang_Pauli\">W. Paulis<\/a> um afst\u00e6\u00f0iskenninguna. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 f\u00e9kk hann mikinn \u00e1huga \u00e1 kenningum Einsteins og s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00e1 l\u00edfslei\u00f0inni \u00e1ttu \u00fe\u00e6r eftir a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a hans a\u00f0al ranns\u00f3knarsvi\u00f0.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>M\u00f8ller, C., 1952: <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/theoryofrelativi029229mbp\/page\/n7\/mode\/2up\">The Theory of Relativity<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Brevik, I.H., 2011: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ntnu.no\/ojs\/index.php\/DKNVS_skrifter\/article\/view\/1460\">Christian M\u00f8ller The Concepts of Mass and Energy in the General Theory of Relativity I-II<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Blum, A. &amp; T. Hartz, 2017: <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjh\/e2017-80015-8\">The 1957 quantum gravity meeting in Copenhagen: An analysis of Bryce S. DeWitt\u2019s report<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson \u2013 ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed kjarna- og \u00f6reindafr\u00e6\u00f0i 1940-47<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Eins og fram kom \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2023\/01\/16\/niels-bohr-og-islendingar-ii-timabilid-fra-1920-til-1950\/\">II. kafla<\/a> h\u00f3f \u00deorbj\u00f6rn seinnihlutan\u00e1m \u00e1 E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnun Bohrs \u00e1ri\u00f0 1940. \u00de\u00e1 var kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0in, \u00e1samt tilheyrandi \u00f6reindafr\u00e6\u00f0i, \u00feegar or\u00f0in helsta ranns\u00f3knarsvi\u00f0 stofnunarinnar. A\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur voru \u00fe\u00f3 \u00fer\u00f6ngar vegna seinni heimsstyrjaldarinnar og hern\u00e1ms \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verja.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20992\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20992\" style=\"width: 597px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20992\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/Thorbjoern_1941_UITF_2-300x212.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"597\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Thorbjoern_1941_UITF_2-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Thorbjoern_1941_UITF_2-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Thorbjoern_1941_UITF_2.jpg 1014w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 597px) 100vw, 597px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20992\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson \u00e1ri\u00f0 1941 \u00e1samt \u00f6\u00f0rum framhaldsnemum, v\u00edsindam\u00f6nnum og a\u00f0sto\u00f0arm\u00f6nnum fyrir framan \u00fe\u00e1verandi tilrauna\u00e1lmu E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnunar Kaupmannahafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la. Lj\u00f3smynd: Niels Bohr Archive.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Me\u00f0an \u00e1 n\u00e1minu st\u00f3\u00f0 vann \u00deorbj\u00f6rn me\u00f0al annars a\u00f0 verkefnum fyrir Jacobsen og s\u00f3tti t\u00edma hj\u00e1 M\u00f8ller. L\u00fdsingin \u00e1 magisterpr\u00f3fi hans \u00ed <em>\u00c1rb\u00f3k Kaupmannahafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la 1942-43 <\/em>endurspeglar \u00e1n efa \u00e1herslurnar \u00ed n\u00e1mi hans hans fyrir \u00fatskrift:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20986 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/Thorbjo\u0308rn_magister-300x175.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"519\" height=\"303\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Fyrsta v\u00edsindagrein \u00deorbj\u00f6rns var ritu\u00f0 \u00ed samvinnu vi\u00f0 Jacobsen og kom \u00fat 1943. \u00dear kynna \u00feeir til s\u00f6gunnar n\u00fdja a\u00f0fer\u00f0, <em>stillanlega seinkun<\/em> (delayed coincidence), til a\u00f0 finna helmingunart\u00edma \u00f6rt hr\u00f6rnandi geislavirkra efna. \u00deessi a\u00f0fer\u00f0 mun vera miki\u00f0 notu\u00f0 enn \u00ed dag. Efni\u00f0, sem h\u00f6fundarnir voru a\u00f0 gl\u00edma vi\u00f0, var RaC&#8217; (n\u00fa kalla\u00f0 <sup>214<\/sup>Po; sj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isotopes_of_polonium\">h\u00e9r<\/a>) me\u00f0 helmingunart\u00edmann 164 \u03bcs:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jacobsen, J.C. &amp; T. Sigurgeirsson, 1943 : <a href=\"http:\/\/gymarkiv.sdu.dk\/MFM\/kdvs\/mfm%2020-29\/mfm-20-11.pdf\">The decay constant of RaC\u2019<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Eftir fl\u00f3ttann fr\u00e1 Danm\u00f6rku, \u00ed \u00e1rslok 1943, dvaldi \u00deorbj\u00f6rn \u00ed r\u00famt \u00e1r vi\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.msi.se\/MSL_files\/history.htm\">N\u00f3belsstofnunina<\/a> \u00ed Stokkh\u00f3lmi og stunda\u00f0i ranns\u00f3knir. \u00dear mun hann, \u00ed samvinnu vi\u00f0 vin sinn <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erik_Bohr\">Erik Bohr<\/a> og s\u00e6nska e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inginn Hugo Atterling, hafa uppg\u00f6tva\u00f0 geislavirku sams\u00e6tuna <sup>175<\/sup>Yb me\u00f0 <a href=\"http:\/\/runeberg.org\/tektid\/1946\/0749.html\">hringhra\u00f0li stofnunarinnar<\/a> (sj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1205.5844.pdf\">h\u00e9r<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ytterbium\">h\u00e9r<\/a>):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Atterling, H., E. Bohr &amp; T. Sigurgeirsson, 1945: \u201eNeutron induced radioactivity in lutetium and ytterbium.\u201c <em>Arkiv f. Matem. Astron. Fysik<\/em>, 32A(2), 12 p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Eftirfarandi grein me\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/biografiskleksikon.lex.dk\/J%C3%B8rgen_B%C3%B8ggild\">J.K. B\u00f8ggild<\/a> og H.O. Arr\u00f8e, sem ekki kom \u00e1 prenti fyrr en 1947, fjallar um hemlunarvegalengd d\u00f3tturagna kjarnaklofnunar \u00ed mismunandi g\u00f6sum.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>B\u00f8ggild, J.K., H.O. Arr\u00f8e &amp; T. Sigurgeirsson, 1947: <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/pr\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRev.71.281\">Cloud chamber studies of electronic and nuclear stopping of fission fragments in different gases<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17938\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17938\" style=\"width: 301px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-17938\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2021\/04\/Thorbjo\u0308rn_1944_2-159x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"301\" height=\"568\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17938\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00deorbj\u00f6rn \u00e1 fer\u00f0alagi \u00ed Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 sumari\u00f0 1944. B\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fear, og s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum, naut hann g\u00f3\u00f0s af sambandi s\u00ednu vi\u00f0 Niels Bohr og \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1liti, sem meistarinn haf\u00f0i \u00e1 honum sem v\u00edsindamanni. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar \u00ed grein Steind\u00f3rs J. Erlingssonar fr\u00e1 2016: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/6787271#page\/n29\/mode\/2up\">Veirur, kjarnorka og e\u00f0lisv\u00edsindi \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn kom heim fr\u00e1 Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed mars 1945, en strax \u00ed j\u00fal\u00edm\u00e1nu\u00f0i sama \u00e1r f\u00f3r hann til Bandar\u00edkjana og \u00e6tla\u00f0i a\u00f0 leggja stund \u00e1 l\u00edfe\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i (biophysics), \u00ed \u00feeirri von a\u00f0 f\u00e1 s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingsstarf a\u00f0 Keldum \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0. \u00c1 \u00feeim stutta t\u00edma, sem hann dvaldi h\u00e9r heima, t\u00f3kst honum \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 senda fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r tv\u00e6r fr\u00f3\u00f0legar greinar \u00e1 \u00edslensku:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/3276174\">Gullger\u00f0arlist n\u00fat\u00edmans<\/a>. Lesb\u00f3k Morgunbla\u00f0sins.<\/li>\n<li>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4266038\">K\u00edsilefni (S\u00edlikon).<\/a> N\u00e1tt\u00farufr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cd Bandar\u00edkjunum vann hann stuttlega a\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knum me\u00f0 bandar\u00edska N\u00f3belsver\u00f0launahafanum <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley\">W.M. Stanley<\/a> og saman skrifu\u00f0u \u00feeir eina grein um l\u00edfe\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sigurgeirsson, T. &amp; W.M. Stanley, 1947: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20281568\/\">Electron microscope studies on tobacco mosaic virus<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kjarnorku\u00e1r\u00e1sirnar \u00e1 Hiroshima og Nagasaki \u00ed \u00e1g\u00fast 1945 breyttu hins vegar snarlega \u00f6llum \u00e1\u00e6tlunum \u00deorbj\u00f6rns og \u00ed jan\u00faar 1946 h\u00f3f hann aftur ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ideild Princetonh\u00e1sk\u00f3la, n\u00fa undir verndarv\u00e6ng J.A. Wheelers. \u00dar \u00feeim ranns\u00f3knum komu me\u00f0al annars merkar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur um eiginleika <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muon\">m\u00fdeinda<\/a> \u00ed geimgeislum.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sigurgeirsson, T. &amp; K.A. Yamakawa, 1947: <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/pr\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRev.71.319.3\">Decay of mesons stopped in light materials<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Sigurgeirsson, T. &amp; K.A. Yamakawa, 1949: <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/rmp\/abstract\/10.1103\/RevModPhys.21.124\">Electron emitting power of stopped mesons<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, 1949: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5457874\">Geimgeislar<\/a>. (Sj\u00e1 einkum kaflann \u201eMes\u00f3nan og kjarnakraftarnir\u201c, bls. 82-83).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn kom alkominn heim fr\u00e1 Bandar\u00edkjunum \u00ed september 1947 og h\u00f3f sm\u00e1m saman sitt merka uppbyggingarstarf, einkum eftir a\u00f0 hann var\u00f0 forst\u00f6\u00f0uma\u00f0ur <em>Ranns\u00f3knar\u00e1\u00f0s r\u00edkinsins<\/em> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1949.<\/p>\n<p>Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nari umfj\u00f6llun \u00ed eftirfarandi grein og heimildunum, sem \u00fear er bent \u00e1:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2021: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2021\/04\/15\/thorbjorn-sigurgeirsson-1917-1988-a-brief-overview-of-his-life-and-scientific-work\/\">Thorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson (1917-1988): a brief overview of his life and scientific work<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00deegar \u00e1herslur \u00deorbj\u00f6rns \u00ed framhaldsn\u00e1mi eru haf\u00f0ar \u00ed huga og greinar hans fr\u00e1 \u00e1runum 1943-49 sko\u00f0a\u00f0ar, er lj\u00f3st, a\u00f0 nokkur verkefna hans \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma bygg\u00f0ust, beint e\u00f0a \u00f3beint, \u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um ranns\u00f3knarsvi\u00f0s, sem Niels Bohr haf\u00f0i lagt grunninn a\u00f0 l\u00f6ngu \u00e1\u00f0ur me\u00f0 greininni \u201eOn the theory of the decrease of velocity of moving electrified particles on passing through matter\u201c (1913). Bohr fylgdi vandam\u00e1linu eftir me\u00f0 \u00fdmsum h\u00e6tti n\u00e6stu \u00e1ratugina, eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00ed ritinu <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=1-bIpqaBQgQC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Niels Bohr\u00a0 Collected Works, Vol. 8, 1987: The Penetration of Charged Particles Through Matter (1912 &#8211; 1954)<\/a>. Mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feessa vi\u00f0fangsefnis \u00ed kjarna- og \u00f6reindafr\u00e6\u00f0i er \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6tt og fj\u00f6lmargir merkir e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar \u00e1ttu \u00fev\u00ed einnig eftir a\u00f0 gl\u00edma vi\u00f0 \u00fdmsa \u00fe\u00e6tti \u00feess og \u00fer\u00f3a enn frekar. Me\u00f0al \u00feeirra m\u00e1 nefna <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans_Bethe\">H.A. Bethe<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walter_Heitler\">W. Heitler<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nevill_Francis_Mott\">N.F. Mott<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Felix_Bloch\">F. Bloch<\/a>, C. M\u00f8ller, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enrico_Fermi\">E. Fermi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jens_Lindhard\">J. Lindhard<\/a> og fleiri.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sigmund, P., 2013: <a href=\"https:\/\/aktuelnaturvidenskab.dk\/fileadmin\/Aktuel_Naturvidenskab\/nr-1\/AN_1_2013bohrhit.pdf\">Bohrs f\u00f8rste hit i 1913<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Sigmund, P., 2006: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=rTM4NBU_z4EC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Particle Penetration and Radiation Effects: General Aspects and Stopping of Swift Point Charges<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Turner, J.E., 2005: <a href=\"https:\/\/edisciplinas.usp.br\/pluginfile.php\/3079819\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/interaction_of_radiation_Turnercorr.pdf\">Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Kragh, H., 1992: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/41133922.pdf\">Relativistic Collisions: The work of Christian M\u00f8ller in the 1930s<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Jafnframt m\u00e1 geta \u00feess h\u00e9r, a\u00f0 fr\u00e6\u00f0in um hemlun hra\u00f0fleygra rafhla\u00f0inna agna \u00ed efni tengjast ranns\u00f3knum <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ari_Brynjolfsson\">Ara Brynj\u00f3lfssonar<\/a> e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ings \u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_irradiation\">var\u00f0veislu matv\u00e6ta me\u00f0 geislun<\/a>, sem hann vann fyrst a\u00f0 \u00e1 <em>Ris\u00f6<\/em> \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1957 til 1965 og eftir \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum. Hann var\u00f0i einnig doktorsritger\u00f0 um \u00feetta vandam\u00e1l vi\u00f0 Kaupmannahafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00e1ri\u00f0 1973.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20985\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20985\" style=\"width: 232px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20985\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/AriBrynjolfs-211x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"232\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/AriBrynjolfs-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/AriBrynjolfs.jpg 287w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20985\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ari Brynj\u00f3lfsson. Sj\u00e1 einnig umfj\u00f6llun um hann \u00ed <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">kafla IVb<\/span>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Ari Brynj\u00f3lfsson, 1973: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/AriBrynjolfs_1973_reduced.pdf\">Some Aspects of the Interactions of Fast Charged Particles with Matter<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 11. n\u00f3v. 1973: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1447992\">B\u00e6tti a\u00f0fer\u00f0 Niels Bohr<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nokkrum \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar setti Ari fram kenningu \u00feessu tengda, sem gerir r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mysearch.org.uk\/website1\/html\/667.Brynjolfsson.html\">orkutapi lj\u00f3seinda \u00ed rafgasi<\/a>. Hann taldi hana gefa betri sk\u00fdringu \u00e1 rau\u00f0viki fjarl\u00e6gra vetrarbrauta en Miklahvellskenningin, sem \u00fask\u00fdrir rau\u00f0viki\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fat\u00feenslu alheimsins. Ari skrifa\u00f0i margar greinar um \u00feessa tilg\u00e1tu, en h\u00fan hefur ekki enn hloti\u00f0 n\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir augum annarra s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0inga. Lesendum til fr\u00f3\u00f0leiks er h\u00e9r gefin sl\u00f3\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0algrein (handrit) hans um \u00feetta efni:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ari Brynj\u00f3lfsson, 2005: <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/astro-ph\/0401420\">Redshift of photons penetrating a hot plasma<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>Bohr og kjarnorkuvopnin<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Eins og \u00feegar hefur komi\u00f0 fram t\u00f3ku Niels Bohr, \u00fdmsir \u00e6ttingjar hans og margir samstarfsmenn, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oresundstid.se\/kap\/baggrund.aspx?id=3&amp;forsideid=707,706\">fl\u00f3ttanum mikla<\/a> fr\u00e1 Danm\u00f6rku til Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar, hausti\u00f0 og veturinn 1943.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Schwarz, S., 2020: <a href=\"https:\/\/schwarzstephan.files.wordpress.com\/2020\/07\/nbi-english.pdf\">The occupation of Niels Bohr\u2019s Institute 6 December 1943 \u2013 3 February 1944<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Ulff-M\u00f8ller, J., 2019: <a href=\"https:\/\/tidsskrift.dk\/rambam\/article\/view\/127722\">Betydningsfulde videnskabsm\u00e6nd \u2013 Niels og Harald Bohr, forf\u00f8lgelsen af j\u00f8diske videnskabsm\u00e6nd og udviklingen af atombomben i USA<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Gu\u00f0mundur Arnlaugsson, 1987: \u201eLi\u00f0nar stundir: Nokkrar minningar fr\u00e1 \u00e1runum 1936-45.\u201c \u00cd b\u00f3kinni <a href=\"https:\/\/einar.hi.is\/SAGA\/Efnisyfirlit_%20HlutarinsEdli.pdf\">\u00cd hlutarins e\u00f0li: Afm\u00e6lisrit til hei\u00f0urs \u00deorbirni Sigurgeirssyni pr\u00f3fessor,<\/a> bls. 9-22.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Eftir skamma dv\u00f6l \u00ed Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0, h\u00e9lt Bohr \u00e1fram til Englands og \u00fea\u00f0an til Bandar\u00edkjanna. Me\u00f0al annars heims\u00f3tti hann Los Alamos nokkrum sinnum og gaf e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum \u00fear f\u00f6\u00f0urleg r\u00e1\u00f0 af \u00fdmsu tagi. Honum var\u00f0 flj\u00f3tt lj\u00f3st, a\u00f0 hina n\u00fdju \u00feekkingu, sem \u00fear var \u00ed sk\u00f6pun, m\u00e6tti nota b\u00e6\u00f0i til g\u00f3\u00f0s og ills. Jafnframt \u00e1tta\u00f0i hann sig \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 nau\u00f0synlegt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 hafa Sov\u00e9tmenn me\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00e1\u00f0um vi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3un og sm\u00ed\u00f0i kjarnorkusprengjunnar; \u00f6ll leynd um \u00feau m\u00e1l myndi a\u00f0eins enda me\u00f0 geigv\u00e6nlegu kjarnorkuvopnakapphlaupi. Strax \u00e1ri\u00f0 1944 ger\u00f0i hann sitt \u00edtrasta til a\u00f0 sannf\u00e6ra r\u00e1\u00f0amenn, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al Roosevelt Bandar\u00edkjaforseta og Churchill fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra Breta, um mikilv\u00e6gi opinna samskipta \u00e1 \u00feessu svi\u00f0i og nau\u00f0syn \u00feess, a\u00f0 eftirlit me\u00f0 allri hagn\u00fdtingu kjarnorkunnar yr\u00f0i \u00ed h\u00f6ndum al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar stofnunar. Sem kunnugt er, tala\u00f0i Bohr \u00fear fyrir daufum eyrum, enda var \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feegar fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 glitta \u00ed fyrstu anga kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>US Department of Energy: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/opennet\/manhattan-project-history\/Events\/1890s-1939\/1890s-1939.htm\">The Manhattan Project: An Interactive History<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Rhodes, R., 1986: <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/makingofatomicbo00rich_0\">The making of the atomic bomb<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Rhodes, R., 1989: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/ed066p376\">The Complementarity of the Bomb<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wellerstein, A., 2015: <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.nuclearsecrecy.com\/2015\/05\/11\/bohr-at-los-alamos\/\">What did Bohr do at Los Alamos?<\/a><\/li>\n<li>McCleanahan, H., 2018: <a href=\"https:\/\/ladailypost.com\/nobel-laureate-niels-bohr-brought-winter-cheer-to-los-alamos\/\">Nobel Laureate Niels Bohr Brought Winter Cheer To Los Alamos<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Niels Bohr, 1944: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atomicheritage.org\/key-documents\/bohr-letter-churchill\">Letter to Churchill<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn<\/em>, 2. okt. 1964: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2804075\">Churchill \u00e6tla\u00f0i a\u00f0 loka Niels Bohr inni \u00e1ri\u00f0 1942<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Sherwin, M.J., 2003: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=jg9cC0FPhSIC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and Its Legacies<\/a> (3ja \u00fatg.) Kafli II.4, \u201eThe Two Policemen\u201c, fjallar um fundi Bohrs me\u00f0 \u00feeim Roosevelt og Churchill.<\/li>\n<li>Long, D., 2001: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.doug-long.com\/bohr.htm\">Niels Bohr: the Atomic Bomb and Beyond<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Christmas-M\u00f8ller, W., 1985: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dba.dk\/niels-bohr-og-atomvaabnet\/id-1081955660\/\">Niels Bohr og atomv\u00e5bnet<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Gowing, M., 1986: <a href=\"http:\/\/publ.royalacademy.dk\/backend\/web\/uploads\/2019-10-28\/AFL%205\/AFL%205\/SP_132_00_00_1986_6188\/SP_132_21_00_1986_6210.pdf\">Niels Bohr and Nuclear Weapons<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Jacobsen, S., 2017: <a href=\"https:\/\/forfatterweb.dk\/oversigtjacobsen-steffen\/da-blev-doden\">Da blev jeg D\u00f8den<\/a>. Sk\u00e1ldsaga.<\/li>\n<li>Aaserud, F., 1999: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/27757819.pdf\">The Scientist and the Statesmen: Niels Bohr&#8217;s Political Crusade during World War II<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Aaserud, F., 2020: <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/bewi.202000026\">Niels Bohr&#8217;s Diplomatic Mission during and after World War Two<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>Hiroshima og Nagasaki<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Segja m\u00e1, a\u00f0 algj\u00f6r \u00fe\u00e1ttaskil hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00f6gu mannkynsins hinn 6. \u00e1g\u00fast 1945, \u00feegar Bandar\u00edkjamenn v\u00f6rpu\u00f0u, \u00e1n vi\u00f0v\u00f6runar, kjarnorkusprengju \u00e1 borgina Hiroshima \u00ed Japan og endurt\u00f3ku svo leikinn \u00ed Nagasaki \u00feremur d\u00f6gum s\u00ed\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20980\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20980\" style=\"width: 509px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20980\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan-300x178.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"509\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan-1024x607.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan-768x456.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan-1536x911.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20980\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kjarnorkusveppirnir yfir Hiroshima (til vinstri) og Nagasaki \u00ed \u00e1g\u00fast 1945. Myndir: Wikipedia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>L\u00edkt og fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lar \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum l\u00f6ndum, brug\u00f0ust \u00edslensku bl\u00f6\u00f0in vi\u00f0 fr\u00e9ttunum af \u00e1r\u00e1sinni \u00e1 Hiroshima me\u00f0 bl\u00f6ndu af undrun, a\u00f0d\u00e1un og hryllingi. Sennilega hafa landsmenn flj\u00f3tlega heyrt um \u00e1r\u00e1sina \u00ed gegnum \u00fatvarpi\u00f0, en \u00fea\u00f0 var hins vegar s\u00ed\u00f0degisbla\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>V\u00edsir<\/em> sem var\u00f0 fyrst \u00edslenskra bla\u00f0a til a\u00f0 birta f\u00e9ttina, 7. \u00e1g\u00fast, undir titlinum <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1157579\">Kjarnasprengja bandamanna er \u00e1 vi\u00f0 2000 ellefu sm\u00e1lesta sprengjur<\/a>. Daginn eftir fylgdu svo \u00f6ll morgunbl\u00f6\u00f0in \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0, nema <em>T\u00edminn<\/em>, sem \u00fe\u00e1 kom a\u00f0eins tvisvar \u00ed viku:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0, <\/em> 8. \u00e1g\u00fast 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1256083\">St\u00f3rkostlegasta uppfynding v\u00edsindanna: Atomorkan beislu\u00f0 \u2013 Sprengjur sem \u00feurka \u00fat heilar borgir<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0i\u00f0, <\/em>8. \u00e1g\u00fast 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1072894\">Bandar\u00edkjamenn beita sprengjum af n\u00fdrri ger\u00f0 gegn Jap\u00f6num \u2013 Hrikalegasta loft\u00e1r\u00e1s styrjaldarinnar ger\u00f0 \u00e1 Hiroshima<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn, <\/em> 8. \u00e1g\u00fast 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2744148\">L\u00edkur taldar \u00e1, a\u00f0 at\u00f3msprengjan kn\u00fdi Japana til uppgjafar innan skamms<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><em>V\u00edsir, <\/em> 8. \u00e1g\u00fast 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1157587\">\u00d3skaplegt tj\u00f3n af fyrstu \u00e1r\u00e1sinni me\u00f0 kjarnsprengju \u00e1 Japan<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>T\u00edminn<\/em>, 10. \u00e1g\u00fast 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1002463\">Mesta uppg\u00f6tvun v\u00edsindanna: Tekizt hefir a\u00f0 beizla frumeindaorkuna<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bl\u00f6\u00f0in fylgdust af athygli me\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3un m\u00e1la n\u00e6stu daga, vikur og m\u00e1nu\u00f0i og ekki\u00a0 lei\u00f0 \u00e1 l\u00f6ngu \u00fear til greinar t\u00f3ku a\u00f0 birtast um e\u00f0li kjarnorkunnar og notkun hennar, b\u00e6\u00f0i til g\u00f3\u00f0s og ills. H\u00e9r eru nokkur d\u00e6mi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 21. \u00e1g\u00fast 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1256203\">\u00deegar atomorkan var leyst: Fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn um ranns\u00f3knir og \u00e1rangur<\/a> (\u00fe\u00fdtt).<\/li>\n<li><em>V\u00edsir<\/em>, 29. \u00e1g\u00fast 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1157723\">Ums\u00f6gn Niels Bohr pr\u00f3fessors: Misnotkun kjarnorkunnar st\u00f3rh\u00e6ttuleg mannkyninu. Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0al\u00f6g nau\u00f0synleg<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Lesb\u00f3k Mbl<\/em>, 2. og 9. september, 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/3276315\">Atomorku\u00f6ldin I<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/3276325\">II<\/a> (\u00fe\u00fdtt \u00far <em>Time<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn<\/em>, 31. ot\u00f3ber 1945 : <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2744668\">Niels Bohr sk\u00fdrir fr\u00e1 leyndard\u00f3mum at\u00f3msprengjunnar &#8211; Atomorkan mun valda gerbreytingu \u00ed framlei\u00f0sluh\u00e1ttum<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 8. n\u00f3v. 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1257115\">At\u00f3msprengjur og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l<\/a> (\u00fe\u00fdtt \u00far <em>The Spectator<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>Ingi R. Helgason, 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4363188\">Hin mikla kjarnorkusprengja<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>J\u00f3n Emilsson, 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4700781\">Atomorkan og hagn\u00fdting hennar<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Bj\u00f6rn Franzson, 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/6272650\">Hagn\u00fdting kjarnorkunnar.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Samhli\u00f0a st\u00f6\u00f0ugum fr\u00e9ttaflutningi af \u00fer\u00f3un m\u00e1la n\u00e6stu \u00e1rin, t\u00f3ku a\u00f0 birtast \u00fdmsar ritsm\u00ed\u00f0ar, \u00fear sem fari\u00f0 var heldur \u00edtarlegar \u00ed\u00a0 at\u00f3m- og kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, s\u00f6gu \u00feeirra og hagn\u00fdtingu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Urey, H.C., 1946: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4363652\">\u00c9g er hr\u00e6ddur<\/a> (\u00fe\u00fdtt).<\/li>\n<li>\u00d3skar B. Bjarnason, 1946: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5616894\">Kjarnorkan<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Sveinn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson, 1946: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4266118\">At\u00f3man og orka hennar I<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4266145\">II<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Lindhard, J. &amp; U. Ekman, 1946: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4763821\">Kjarnorkan \u00ed str\u00ed\u00f0i og fri\u00f0i<\/a> (\u00fe\u00fdtt).<\/li>\n<li>Stein\u00fe\u00f3r Sigur\u00f0sson, 1946: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5456976\">Kjarnorka<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Trausti Einarsson, 1947: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4266525\">Kjarnorkan og vald mannsins yfir efninu<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Dietz, D., 1947: <a href=\"https:\/\/agbjarn.blog.is\/blog\/agbjarn\/entry\/635171\/\">Kjarnorka \u00e1 komandi t\u00edmum<\/a>. \u00c1g\u00fast H. Bjarnason (pr\u00f3fessor) \u00edslenska\u00f0i. Sj\u00e1 einnig greinina \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vatnsidnadur.net\/2020\/11\/09\/35264\/\">\u00c1rdagar kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0innar \u2013 Hver var hugsunin?<\/a> (2020) eftir \u00c1g\u00fast H. Bjarnason (verkfr\u00e6\u00f0ing).<\/li>\n<li>Tyr\u00e9n, H., 1947: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5060707#page\/n5\/mode\/2up\">\u00c1 morgni at\u00f3maldar<\/a>. \u00d3lafur Bj\u00f6rnsson (l\u00e6knir) \u00fe\u00fdddi.<\/li>\n<li>Calder, R., 1948: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4365688\">Leyndard\u00f3mar kjarnorkunnar<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>H\u00e9r m\u00e1 til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar finna tv\u00e6r gagnlegar yfirlitsgreinar me\u00f0 tilv\u00edsunum \u00ed frekari heimildir:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki\">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_weapon\">Nuclear weapon<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Oppenheimer og Bohr<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Niels Bohr var s\u00e1 ma\u00f0ur, sem \u201efa\u00f0ir kjarnorkusprengjunnar\u201c, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._Robert_Oppenheimer\">R\u00f3bert Oppenheimer<\/a>, mun hafa d\u00e1\u00f0 mest allra manna. \u00deeir hittust fyrst \u00e1ri\u00f0 1926 og allar g\u00f6tur s\u00ed\u00f0an leit Oppenheimer \u00e1 hinn 19 \u00e1ra eldri Bohr sem sk\u00ednandi fyrirmynd, ekki a\u00f0eins sem manneskju og \u00ed \u00f6llu \u00fev\u00ed, sem snerti i\u00f0kun v\u00edsinda, heldur einnig vegna j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ra vi\u00f0horfa hans til annarra einstaklinga og mannkynsins \u00ed heild. Eflaust hefur \u00fea\u00f0 haft s\u00edn \u00e1hrif, a\u00f0 b\u00e1\u00f0ir voru \u00feeir e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar me\u00f0 dj\u00fapan \u00e1huga \u00e1 heimspeki. Hin fleygu or\u00f0 \u201eBohr er Gu\u00f0 og Oppie er sp\u00e1ma\u00f0ur hans\u201c eru h\u00f6f\u00f0 eftir <a href=\"https:\/\/physicstoday.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1063\/1.1629474\">J. Weinberg<\/a>, einum af doktorsnemum Oppenheimers (Oppies) \u00ed Berkeley \u00e1 \u00e1runum fyrir seinni heimsstyrj\u00f6ldina.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd \u00e1\u00f0urnefndum heims\u00f3knum Bohrs til Los Alamos, \u00e1ttu \u00feeir Oppenheimer \u00ed l\u00f6ngum samr\u00e6\u00f0um. Bohr hefur \u00e1n efa predika\u00f0 sko\u00f0anir s\u00ednar \u00e1 mikilv\u00e6gi opinna samskipta \u00ed kjarnorkuranns\u00f3knum og al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu eftirlit me\u00f0 hgn\u00fdtingu kjarnorkunnar. Margir telja, a\u00f0 me\u00f0 framg\u00f6ngu sinni \u00e1 \u00feessum vettvangi \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum, hafi Oppenheimer veri\u00f0 undir verulegum \u00e1hrifum fr\u00e1 Bohr.<\/p>\n<p>Vin\u00e1tta \u00feeirra Bohrs og Oppenheimers var ekki miki\u00f0 til umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lum, en \u00edslenska dagbla\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>T\u00edminn<\/em> s\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u til \u00feess a\u00f0 fjalla um <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1033547\">heims\u00f3kn Bandar\u00edkjamannsins til Kaupmannahafnar<\/a> sumari\u00f0 1958. Lesa m\u00e1 n\u00e1nar um samband \u00feeirra f\u00e9laga \u00ed eftirfarandi heimild:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bird, K. &amp; M.J. Sherwin, 2005: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=jfSn2RJZI9EC&amp;hl=is&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer<\/a> (20. kafli, bls. 268-289).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Oppenheimer haf\u00f0i sj\u00e1lfur \u00feetta a\u00f0 segja um Bohr:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Oppenheimer, R., 1964: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nybooks.com\/articles\/1964\/12\/17\/niels-bohr-and-atomic-weapons\/\">Niels Bohr and Atomic Weapons<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>YouTube<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5-Lkhzn9Leo\"> Robert Oppenheimer Discusses the Life of Nobel Laureate Niels Bohr<\/a> (1964).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20981\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20981\" style=\"width: 503px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20981\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/Oppenheimer_Bohr_PS_1960-292x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"503\" height=\"517\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Oppenheimer_Bohr_PS_1960-292x300.jpg 292w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Oppenheimer_Bohr_PS_1960-997x1024.jpg 997w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Oppenheimer_Bohr_PS_1960-768x789.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Oppenheimer_Bohr_PS_1960.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 503px) 100vw, 503px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20981\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bohr og Oppenheimer <a href=\"http:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1728478\/files\/vol1-issue8.pdf\">vi\u00f0 v\u00edgsluna<\/a> \u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton_Synchrotron\">r\u00f3teindahra\u00f0linum<\/a> (PS) \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CERN\">CERN<\/a> \u00ed febr\u00faar 1960. Milli \u00feeirra situr bandar\u00edski e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edwin_McMillan\">E.M. McMillan<\/a>. N\u00e1nar er r\u00e6tt um <em>CERN<\/em> \u00ed <u>kafla IVb<\/u>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><em>Kalt str\u00ed\u00f0 og kjarnorkuvopnakapphlaup<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Eins og \u00feeir Bohr, Oppenheimer og \u00fdmsir a\u00f0rir h\u00f6f\u00f0u sp\u00e1\u00f0, hleypti leyndarhyggja og heimsvaldastefna st\u00f3rveldanna tveggja, Bandr\u00edkjanna og Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna, af sta\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cold_War\">k\u00f6ldu str\u00ed\u00f0i<\/a> milli \u00feessara fyrrum bandamanna eftir lok seinni heimsstyrjaldarinnar. \u00dev\u00ed fylgdi \u00f3gnvekjandi <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_arms_race\">kjarnorkuvopnakapphlaup<\/a>, sem ekki s\u00e9r enn fyrir endann \u00e1. N\u00e1nar ver\u00f0ur komi\u00f0 inn \u00e1 vissa \u00fe\u00e6tti \u00feessa m\u00e1ls \u00ed <u>kafla IVb<\/u>, en h\u00e9r er hins vegar \u00e6tlunin, a\u00f0 minnast lauslega \u00e1 vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00edslenskra dagbla\u00f0a vi\u00f0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project\"> tilraunum Sov\u00e9tmanna me\u00f0 kjarnorkuvopn<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermonuclear_weapon#History\">tilkomu vetnissprengjunnar<\/a>. Fr\u00f3\u00f0leiksf\u00fasir lesendur geta fundi\u00f0 frekari umr\u00e6\u00f0u og heimildir um kalda str\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00ed eftirfarandi ritsm\u00ed\u00f0um:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kalda_str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0\">Kalda str\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kalda_str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0_%C3%A1_%C3%8Dslandi\">Kalda str\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>N\u00edels P. Sigur\u00f0sson, 1994: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1798959\">\u00dar k\u00f6ldu str\u00ed\u00f0i \u00ed kaldan fri\u00f0<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Valur Ingimundarson, 1996: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5280609\">\u00cd eldl\u00ednu kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins: Samskipti \u00cdslands og Bandar\u00edkjanna 1945-1960<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Gu\u00f0ni Th. J\u00f3hannesson: 2011: <a href=\"http:\/\/gudnith.is\/category\/greinar_og_fyrirlestrar\/kalda_str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0\">Kalda str\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0<\/a> (vefs\u00ed\u00f0a).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Fr\u00e9ttir af <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atomicarchive.com\/history\/cold-war\/page-3.html\">fyrstu sov\u00e9tsku kjarnorkusprengingunni<\/a> b\u00e1rust hinga\u00f0 til lands t\u00e6pum m\u00e1nu\u00f0i eftir, a\u00f0 h\u00fan \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn<\/em>, 24. sept. 1949: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2754360\">R\u00fassar r\u00e1\u00f0a yfir atomsprengjunni<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 24. sept. 1949:<a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1273659#page\/n0\/mode\/2up\"> \u00deykir v\u00edst, a\u00f0 R\u00fassar hafi gert at\u00f3msprengju<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 24. sept. 1949: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1083043\">R\u00fassar byrja\u00f0ir a\u00f0 framlei\u00f0a kjarnorkuvopn<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>T\u00edminn<\/em>, 24. sept. 1949: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1009147\">R\u00fassar hafa kjarnorkusprengju<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tilraunasprenging Sov\u00e9tmanna hleypti n\u00fdju l\u00edfi \u00ed vopnakapphlaup st\u00f3rveldanna. H\u00fan var\u00f0 me\u00f0al annars til \u00feess, a\u00f0 b\u00e1\u00f0ir a\u00f0ilar l\u00f6g\u00f0u n\u00fa aukna vinnu \u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a n\u00fdtt gj\u00f6rey\u00f0ingarvopn, vetnissprengjuna, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir vi\u00f0varanir \u00feekktra v\u00edsindamanna um heim allan. <a href=\"https:\/\/ahf.nuclearmuseum.org\/ahf\/history\/hydrogen-bomb-1950\/\">\u00cd jan\u00faarlok 1950 gaf Truman forseti \u00fat formlega yfirl\u00fdsingu<\/a> um \u00fe\u00e6r fyrir\u00e6tlanir Bandar\u00edkjamanna a\u00f0 sm\u00ed\u00f0a sl\u00edkt vopn. Vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0in h\u00e9r heima voru fr\u00f3\u00f0leg:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn<\/em>, 5. febr\u00faar 1950: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2755340\">Vetnissprengjan er ekki hermennskuvopn heldur m\u00fagmor\u00f0at\u00f3l<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 5. febr\u00faar 1950: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1083950\">Ekki sama, hver sprengjuna hefur<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn<\/em>, 8. febr\u00faar 1859: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2755361\">Bo\u00f0skapur Trumans um vetnissprengjuna skelfir hans eigin menn<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 8. febr\u00faar 1950: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1083966\">Vetnissprengjan og v\u00edgb\u00fana\u00f0urinn<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn<\/em>, 14. feb 1950: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2755403\">Einstein l\u00fdsir yfir: Vetnissprengjan, sem Truman vill framlei\u00f0a, \u00f3gnar tilveru mannskynsins<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bandar\u00edkjamenn sprengdu svo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atomicarchive.com\/history\/cold-war\/page-5.html\">s\u00edna fyrstu vetnissprengju<\/a>, hinn 1. n\u00f3vember 1952:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dagur, 5. n\u00f3v. 1952: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2649085\">Mesta sprenging sem or\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur \u00ed s\u00f6gunni stendur fyrir dyrum<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn, 18. n\u00f3v 1952: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2762000\">Bandar\u00edsk vetnissprengja reynd<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0i\u00f0, 23. n\u00f3v 1952: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1093225\">\u00deegar vetnissprengjan var reynd \u00e1 Eniwetok 1. n\u00f3v<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atomicarchive.com\/history\/cold-war\/page-7.html\">Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin sv\u00f6ru\u00f0u<\/a> t\u00e6pu \u00e1ri s\u00ed\u00f0ar, hinn 12. \u00e1g\u00fast, 1953:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>V\u00edsir<\/em>, 20. \u00e1g 1953: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1177468\">R\u00fassar reyna vetnissprengju<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn<\/em>, 21. \u00e1g\u00fast 1953: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2764460\">Fyrsta vetnissprengja heims sprengd \u00ed Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sj\u00e1 einnig \u00feessar fr\u00f3\u00f0legu heimildir:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project\">Soviet atomic bomb project<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Holloway, D., 1994: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.mg\/books?id=ICO6aUnQ2KcC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939\u20131956<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermonuclear_weapon\">Thermonuclear weapon<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>York, H.F., 1989: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=46-ofw7L2MAC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">The Advisors: Oppenheimer, Teller, and the Superbomb<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Rhodes, R., 1995: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=f113iCcn87wC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Eins og margir \u00feeirra e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, sem starfa\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00ed Los Alamos \u00e1 str\u00ed\u00f0s\u00e1runum, haf\u00f0i R\u00f3bert Oppenheimer fr\u00e1 upphafi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atomicarchive.com\/history\/hydrogen-bomb\/page-2.html\">miklar efasemdir um nau\u00f0syn \u00feess a\u00f0 sm\u00ed\u00f0a vetnisprengjuna<\/a>. Hann var \u00f3hr\u00e6ddur vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta \u00fe\u00e6r sko\u00f0anir s\u00ednar \u00ed lj\u00f3s og vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last hann \u00e1hrifamikla \u00f3vini, menn eins og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._Edgar_Hoover\">J.E. Hoover<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_McCarthy\">J. McCarthy<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_L._Borden\">J.L. Borden<\/a> og ekki s\u00edst <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lewis_Strauss\">L. Strauss<\/a>. \u00deeir Hoover, McCarthy og Borden t\u00f6ldu Oppenheimer afar hli\u00f0hollan Sov\u00e9tm\u00f6nnum, ef ekki beinl\u00ednis nj\u00f3snara \u00feeirra, en \u00fe\u00f3tt Strauss hafi teki\u00f0 undir me\u00f0 \u00feeim, mun hann einnig hafa haft <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lewis_Strauss#Strauss_and_Oppenheimer\">a\u00f0rar og pers\u00f3nulegri \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur<\/a> til a\u00f0 ofs\u00e6kja Oppenheimer.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deegar Strauss var\u00f0 forma\u00f0ur <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission\">Kjarnorkum\u00e1lanefndar Bandar\u00edkjanna<\/a> fyrir tilstilli Eisenhowers, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1953, l\u00e9t hann til skarar skr\u00ed\u00f0a gegn Oppenheimer. \u201eF\u00f6\u00f0ur kjarnorkusprengjunnar\u201c var stefnt fyrir nefndina og a\u00f0 loknum fur\u00f0ulegum <a href=\"https:\/\/ahf.nuclearmuseum.org\/ahf\/history\/oppenheimer-security-hearing\/\">\u201er\u00e9ttarh\u00f6ldum\u201c<\/a> vori\u00f0 1954 var hann sviptur \u00f6llum <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Security_clearance#United_States\">a\u00f0gangi a\u00f0 leynilegum uppl\u00fdsingum Bandar\u00edkjastj\u00f3rnar<\/a>. \u00deessi ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a mun hafa veri\u00f0 miki\u00f0 \u00e1fall fyrir Oppenheimer, en \u00fea\u00f0 sem eftir var \u00e6vinnar sinnti hann starfi s\u00ednu vi\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ias.edu\/oppenheimer-legacy\">Institute for Advanced Study<\/a> \u00ed Princeton me\u00f0 miklum s\u00f3ma og t\u00f3k fullan \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed starfi e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, b\u00e6\u00f0i heima fyrir og \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avettvangi.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20982\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20982\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-20982\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/Teller_1957_2-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Teller_1957_2-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Teller_1957_2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Teller_1957_2.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20982\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Teller\">E. Teller<\/a> vitna\u00f0i gegn Oppenheimer vi\u00f0 \u201er\u00e9ttarh\u00f6ldin\u201c 1954. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 m\u00e1 segja, a\u00f0 honum hafi veri\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fafa\u00f0 \u00far samf\u00e9lagi e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inga. Hann hefur stundum veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ur \u201efa\u00f0ir vetnissprengjunnar\u201c (sj\u00e1 \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed sambandi Wikiped\u00edugreinina <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Teller%E2%80%93Ulam_design\">History of the Teller\u2013Ulam design<\/a>).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/no.frwiki.wiki\/wiki\/Robert_Oppenheimer\">Robert Oppenheimer<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oppenheimer_security_hearing\">Oppenheimer security hearing<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Bethe, H.A., 1968: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/769451\"> Robert Oppenheimer, 1904-1967<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Stern, P.M., 1969: <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/oppenheimercases00sterrich\/page\/n5\/mode\/2up\">The Oppenheimer Case: Security on Trial<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>York, H.F., 1975: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24949921?searchText=&amp;searchUri=&amp;ab_segments=&amp;searchKey=&amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A8f05c7ab8c2609cb678c32a660bf5a13\">The Debate over the Hydrogen Bomb<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Galison, P. &amp; B. Bernstein, 1989: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27757627?seq=1\">In Any Light: Scientists and the Decision to Build the Superbomb, 1952-1954<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Bernstein, B.J., 1990: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1229016?seq=1\">The Oppenheimer Loyalty-Security Case Reconsidered<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Valiunas, A., 2006: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenewatlantis.com\/publications\/the-agony-of-atomic-genius\">The Agony of Atomic Genius<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Hargittai , J., 2010: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Judging-Edward-Teller-Influential-Scientists\/dp\/1616142219\">Judging Edward Teller: A Closer Look at One of the Most Influential Scientists of the Twentieth Century<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Jogalekar, A., 2014: <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.scientificamerican.com\/the-curious-wavefunction\/the-many-tragedies-of-edward-teller\/\">The Many Tragedies of Edward Teller<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Borghi , M., 2019: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/publication\/political-authority-or-atomic-celebrity-the-influence-j-robert-oppenheimer-american\">Political Authority or Atomic Celebrity? The Influence of J. Robert Oppenheimer on American Nuclear Policy after the Second World War<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Linder, D.O., 2020: <a href=\"https:\/\/famous-trials.com\/oppenheimer\/2688-the-security-hearing-of-robert-oppenheimer-an-account\">The Security Hearing of Robert Oppenheimer: An Account<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Jaeggli, M., 2022: <a href=\"https:\/\/discover.lanl.gov\/news\/0602-ribes-petition\">The Petition That Sought to Clear Oppenheimer&#8217;s Name<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>\u201eD\u00f3mnum\u201c yfir Oppenheimer sn\u00fai\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2022<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00cd \u00e1rslok 2022 b\u00e1rust \u00fe\u00e6r \u00f3v\u00e6ntu fr\u00e9ttir, a\u00f0 Granholm, orkum\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0herra Bandar\u00edkjanna, hef\u00f0i sn\u00fai\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un Kjarnorkum\u00e1lanefndarinnar \u00ed m\u00e1li Oppenheimers fr\u00e1 1954. Samkv\u00e6mt hinum n\u00fdja \u00farskur\u00f0i f\u00e9kk Oppenheimer n\u00fa aftur \u201e\u00f3skertan a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 leynilegum uppl\u00fdsingum Bandar\u00edkjastj\u00f3rnar\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dear sem Oppenheimer l\u00e9st \u00e1ri\u00f0 1967 er lj\u00f3st, a\u00f0 \u00fearna var um t\u00e1knr\u00e6nan gj\u00f6rning a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a og tilgangurinn var fyrst og fremst s\u00e1 a\u00f0 hei\u00f0ra Oppenheimer fyrir st\u00f6rf hans \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu Bandar\u00edkjanna og l\u00fdsa jafnframt van\u00fe\u00f3knun Bandar\u00edkjastj\u00f3rnar \u00e1 ofs\u00f3knum Kjarnorkum\u00e1lanefndarinnar \u00e1 hendur honum \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma. Yfirl\u00fdsing r\u00e1\u00f0herrans hlj\u00f3\u00f0ar svo:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer occupies a central role in our history for leading the nation\u2019s atomic efforts during World War II and planting the seeds for the Department of Energy\u2019s national laboratories\u2014the crown jewels of the American research and innovation ecosystem.<\/p>\n<p>In 1954, the Atomic Energy Commission revoked Dr. Oppenheimer\u2019s security clearance through a flawed process that violated the Commission\u2019s own regulations. As time has passed, more evidence has come to light of the bias and unfairness of the process that Dr. Oppenheimer was subjected to while the evidence of his loyalty and love of country have only been further affirmed. The Atomic Energy Commission even selected Dr. Oppenheimer in 1963 for its prestigious Enrico Fermi Award citing his \u201cscientific and administrative leadership not only in the development of the atomic bomb, but also in establishing the groundwork for the many peaceful applications of atomic energy.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The Department of Energy has previously recognized J. Robert Oppenheimer in other ways including the creation of the Oppenheimer Science and Energy Leadership Program in 2017 to support early and mid-career scientists and engineers to \u201ccarry on [Dr. Oppenheimer\u2019s] legacy of science serving society.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>As a successor agency to the Atomic Energy Commission, the Department of Energy has been entrusted with the responsibility to correct the historical record and honor Dr. Oppenheimer\u2019s profound contributions to our national defense and the scientific enterprise at large. Today, I am pleased to announce the Department of Energy has vacated the Atomic Energy Commission\u2019s 1954 decision <em>In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer<\/em>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Department of Energy (USA), 16. des. 2022: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/articles\/secretary-granholm-statement-doe-order-vacating-1954-atomic-energy-commission-decision\">Secretary Granholm Statement on DOE Order Vacating 1954 Atomic Energy Commission Decision In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Osborne, 20. des. 2022: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/us-restores-j-robert-oppenheimers-security-clearance-after-68-years-180981329\/?utm_source=smithsoniandaily&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=20221220-daily-responsive&amp;spMailingID=47783300&amp;spUserID=ODc3OTI4OTI0MTkyS0&amp;spJobID=2362374572&amp;spReportId=MjM2MjM3NDU3MgS2\">U.S. Restores J. Robert Oppenheimer\u2019s Security Clearance After 68 Years<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wellerstein, A., 21. Des. 2022: <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.nuclearsecrecy.com\/2022\/12\/21\/oppenheimer-vacated-but-not-vindicated\">Oppenheimer: Vacated but not Vindicated.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>Nuclear Newswire<\/em>, 22. des. 2022: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ans.org\/news\/article-4599\/after-70-years-j-robert-oppenheimers-legacy-is-being-rewritten\">After 70 years, J. Robert Oppenheimer\u2019s legacy is being rewritten<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Quellette, J., 25. des. 2022: <a href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/science\/2022\/12\/j-robert-oppenheimer-cleared-of-being-suspected-soviet-spy-after-68-years\/\"> Robert Oppenheimer cleared of \u201cblack mark\u201d against his name after 68 years<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Bronson, R., 11. jan. 2023: <a href=\"https:\/\/thebulletin.org\/2023\/01\/bulletin-statement-on-the-department-of-energys-oppenheimer-decision\">Bulletin statement on the Department of Energy\u2019s Oppenheimer decision.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00deegar \u00feetta er skrifa\u00f0 (\u00ed mars 2023) er \u00ed vinnslu <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oppenheimer_(film)\">st\u00f3rmynd um Oppenheimer og kjarnorkusprengjuna<\/a> \u00ed leikstj\u00f3rn C. Nolans. \u00c1\u00e6tla\u00f0 er a\u00f0 frums\u00fdna myndina \u00ed j\u00fal\u00ed 2023. H\u00fan er s\u00f6g\u00f0 bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1\u00f0urnefndri <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=jfSn2RJZI9EC&amp;hl=is&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">\u00e6vis\u00f6gu Oppenheimers<\/a> eftir Bird &amp; Sherwin.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20983 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/poster-1-300x207.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"404\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/poster-1-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/poster-1-1024x706.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/poster-1-768x530.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/poster-1.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Eftir fall Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna: Bohr og Oppenheimer \u00e1saka\u00f0ir um nj\u00f3snir <\/em><\/p>\n<p>Vori\u00f0 1994 komu \u00fat \u00e1 Vesturl\u00f6ndum <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special_Tasks\">\u00e6viminningar<\/a> fyrrverandi me\u00f0lims sov\u00e9tsku leyni\u00fej\u00f3nustunnar (KGB), <a href=\"https:\/\/ahf.nuclearmuseum.org\/ahf\/profile\/pavel-sudoplatov\/\">P.A. Sudoplatov<\/a>. \u00cd \u00feeim er a\u00f0 finna fullyr\u00f0ingar \u00feess efnis, a\u00f0 \u00feekktir e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar eins og Oppenheimer, Bohr, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enrico_Fermi\">E. Fermi<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leo_Szilard\">L. Szilard<\/a> hef\u00f0u veitt Sov\u00e9tm\u00f6nnum uppl\u00fdsingar um \u00fdmis kjarnorkuleyndarm\u00e1l <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manhattan_Project\">Manhattanverkefnisins<\/a> \u00e1 me\u00f0an \u00e1 seinni heimsstyrj\u00f6ldinni st\u00f3\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>Fr\u00e9ttir af \u201eupplj\u00f3strunum\u201c Sudoplatovs b\u00e1rust flj\u00f3tt um heimsbygg\u00f0ina og v\u00f6ktu nokkra athygli. H\u00e9r heima birti <em>T\u00edminn<\/em> til d\u00e6mis greinina <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4076011\">Var Oppenheimer KGB-nj\u00f3snari?<\/a>, en \u00f6nnur \u00edslensk dagbl\u00f6\u00f0 vir\u00f0ast ekki hafa haft neinn \u00e1huga, enda langt um li\u00f0i\u00f0 og n\u00f6fn \u00feeirra Bohrs og Oppenheimers sennilega vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 falla \u00ed gleymskunar d\u00e1 \u00e1 skrifstofum bla\u00f0anna. \u00d6\u00f0ru m\u00e1li gilti um Bandar\u00edkin, \u00fear sem b\u00f3k Sudoplatovs olli talsver\u00f0u fja\u00f0rafoki. \u00ddmsir ur\u00f0u til andsvara, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00feeir e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar Manhattan-verkefnisins, sem enn voru \u00e1 l\u00edfi, og eins sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar, sem s\u00e9rstaklega h\u00f6f\u00f0u kanna\u00f0 s\u00f6gu kjarnorkuvopnakapphlaupsins \u00e1 d\u00f6gum kalda strtr\u00ed\u00f0sins. \u00cd stuttu m\u00e1li m\u00e1 segja, a\u00f0 \u00f6ll um\u00e6li KGB-mannsins fyrrverandi um fj\u00f3rmenningana hafi veri\u00f0 d\u00e6md dau\u00f0 og \u00f3merk.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sudoplatov, P., 1994: <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/specialtasksmemo00sudo\">Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness \u2013 a Soviet Spymaster<\/a>. Sj\u00e1 einkum kaflann \u201eAtomic Spies\u201c (bls. 172-220).<\/li>\n<li>McMillan, P.J., 1994: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/opinions\/1994\/04\/26\/they-werent-spies\/ee5492b8-5933-4590-84f7-5061317679e2\">They Weren&#8217;t Spies<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>McMillan, P.J., 1994: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=VAwAAAAAMBAJ&amp;dq=We+received+reports+on+the+Manhattan+Project+from+Oppenheimer+and+his+friends+in+oral+form,+through+comments+and+asides,+and+from+documents+transferred+through+clandestine+methods+with+their+full+knowledge+that+the+information+they+were+sharing+would+be+passed+on&amp;q=Flimsy+memoirs&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Flimsy Memories<\/a>. Sj\u00e1 einnig n\u00e6stu grein \u00ed sama bla\u00f0i eftir S. Leskov: \u201eAn Unreliable Witness\u201c.<\/li>\n<li>Goodwin, I., 1994: <a href=\"https:\/\/physicstoday.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1063\/1.2808521?journalCode=pto\">Physicists Refute Charges that Icons Helped Soviets Build Nuclear Bomb<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Bethe, H.A., 1994: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/opinions\/1994\/05\/27\/atomic-slurs\/4a688b27-a463-490a-9777-cb80b3ae692e\/\">Atomic Slurs<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Church, G.J., 1994: <a href=\"https:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/subscriber\/article\/0,33009,980756-1,00.html\">Did Oppenheimer Really Help Moscow?<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Risen, J., 1995: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1995-05-02-mn-61373-story.html\">FBI Clears Top Physicists of Passing A-Bomb Secrets \u2013 Weapons: Allegations in ex-KGB officer\u2019s book that Oppenheimer, Bohr, Fermi and Szilard had given postwar aid to Soviets provoked outrage<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Bethe, H.A., Gottfried &amp; R.Z. Sagdeev, 1995: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24980797\">Did Bohr Share Nuclear Secrets?<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Holloway, D., 1996: <a href=\"https:\/\/fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/s3fs-public\/atomic-intelligence.pdf\">Beria, Bohr, and the Question of Atomic Intelligence<\/a>. Kafli \u00ed b\u00f3kinni <em>Reexamining the Soviet experience: Essays in honor of Alexander Dallin<\/em> (ritstj. D. Holloway &amp; N.. Naimark).<\/li>\n<li>Wellerstein, A., 2012: <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.nuclearsecrecy.com\/2012\/08\/01\/what-bohr-told-beria\">What Bohr told Beria<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Cora, Z., 2014: <a href=\"http:\/\/publicatio.bibl.u-szeged.hu\/7781\/1\/Soviet_Espionage_Cora_Zoltan.pdf\">Soviet Nuclear Espionage in the USA During World War II: The Case of Oppenheimer and Bohr<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>Opi\u00f0 b<\/strong><strong>r\u00e9f <\/strong><strong>Bohrs <\/strong><strong>til <\/strong><strong>Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna \u00e1ri\u00f0 1950<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Bohr kom aftur heim til Danmerkur fr\u00e1 Bandar\u00edkjunum 24. \u00e1g\u00fast 1945, r\u00famri viku eftir a\u00f0 Japanir g\u00e1fust endanlega upp. Danir t\u00f3ku honum fagnandi og 7. okt\u00f3ber 1945 var haldi\u00f0 veglega upp \u00e1 60 \u00e1ra afm\u00e6li hans. H\u00e9r eru tv\u00e6r stuttar kvikmyndir af h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0arh\u00f6ldunum:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.danmarkpaafilm.dk\/film\/niels-bohrs-60-aars-foedselsdag\">Niels Bohrs 60 \u00e5rs f\u00f8dselsdag<\/a> (3 min).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.danmarkpaafilm.dk\/klip\/niels-bohr-60-aar\">Niels Bohr 60 \u00e5r<\/a> (0:34 min).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>N\u00e6stu \u00e1rin h\u00e9lt Bohr fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg erindi og skrifa\u00f0i \u00fdmsar greinar um e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og heimspeki. \u00deekktastar \u00feeirra eru sennilega:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bohr, N., 1948: <a href=\"http:\/\/publ.royalacademy.dk\/books\/84\/581?lang=da\">The Penetration of Atomic Particles through Matter<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Bohr, N., 1949: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/reference\/subject\/philosophy\/works\/dk\/bohr.htm\">Discussion with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics<\/a>. \u00cd b\u00f3kinni <em>Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist<\/em>. Ritstj.: P.A. Schilpp, 1949, bls.199&#8211;241.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Fri\u00f0arm\u00e1lin og opin al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg samskipti voru Bohr einnig ofarlega \u00ed huga. \u00cd heims\u00f3knum s\u00ednum til annarra landa, nota\u00f0i hann hvert t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a hugmyndir s\u00ednar um opin samskipti \u00ed kjarnorkum\u00e1lum. \u00dear ber sennilega h\u00e6st fundir, sem hann \u00e1tti me\u00f0 hinum \u00feekkta <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_C._Marshall\">G. Marshall<\/a>, \u00fe\u00e1 utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra, \u00ed heims\u00f3kn til Bandar\u00edkjanna \u00e1ri\u00f0 1948. \u00cd kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 \u00e1ttu \u00feeir \u00ed nokkrum br\u00e9faskiptum [sj\u00e1 bls. 203-204 \u00ed grein Aa. Bohrs, \u201eKrigens \u00e5r og atomv\u00e5pens perspektiver\u201c \u00ed Rozental, S. et al. (ritstj.), 1964: <a href=\"http:\/\/publ.royalacademy.dk\/backend\/web\/uploads\/2019-10-03\/AFL%204\/SP_63_00_00_1964_1690\/SP_63_00_00_1964_1690.pdf\">Niels Bohr: hans liv og virke fortalt af en kreds af venner og medarbejdere<\/a> (bls. 184-206)]. \u00c1n efa hefur Bohr einnig komi\u00f0 inn \u00e1 \u00feessi m\u00e1l <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2023\/01\/29\/niels-bohr-og-islendingar-iii-islandsheimsoknin-1951\/\">\u00ed samt\u00f6lum s\u00ednum vi\u00f0 \u00edslenska r\u00e1\u00f0amenn<\/a> \u00ed \u00e1g\u00fast 1951.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd \u00e1rsbyrjun 1950 \u00e1kva\u00f0 Bohr a\u00f0 taka af skari\u00f0 og skrifa opi\u00f0 br\u00e9f til Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna um hugmyndir s\u00ednar um opin samskipti. Br\u00e9fi\u00f0 birti hann svo 9. j\u00fan\u00ed sama \u00e1r, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 ensku og d\u00f6nsku: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atomicheritage.org\/key-documents\/bohr-letter-un\">Open Letter to the United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20984\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20984\" style=\"width: 471px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20984\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/Letter_1950-300x147.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"471\" height=\"231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Letter_1950-300x147.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Letter_1950.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 471px) 100vw, 471px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20984\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bohr les upp br\u00e9f sitt \u00e1 bla\u00f0amannafundi \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn 9. j\u00fan\u00ed 1950. Sj\u00e1 einnig <a href=\"https:\/\/www.danmarkpaafilm.dk\/klip\/niels-bohrs-fredsappel\">myndband af \u00feeim atbur\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00deessu fr\u00e1b\u00e6ra br\u00e9fi var v\u00ed\u00f0ast hvar teki\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feegjandi \u00fe\u00f6gninni. \u00dea\u00f0 var helst \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku og n\u00e1grannal\u00f6ndunum, Noregi og Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0, sem \u00fea\u00f0 vakti l\u00edtish\u00e1ttar umr\u00e6\u00f0ur; h\u00e9r heima voru fr\u00e9ttir af \u00fev\u00ed b\u00e6\u00f0i stuttar og f\u00e1ar:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn<\/em>, 13. j\u00fan\u00ed: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2756124\">Bohr hvetur til einingar um kjarnorkum\u00e1lin<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>T\u00edminn<\/em>, 13. j\u00fan\u00ed: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1010854\">Opi\u00f0 br\u00e9f um kjarnorkum\u00e1l<\/a> og 1. j\u00fal\u00ed: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1011022\">Mynd af Bohr<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 14. j\u00fan\u00ed: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1084830\">Niels Bohr skrifar Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0unum br\u00e9f<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn<\/em>, 8. j\u00fal\u00ed: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2756299\">Bandar\u00edkjamenn hafa a\u00f0 engu a\u00f0v\u00f6run N\u00edelsar Bohr<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0urnar fyrir \u00e1hugaleysinu voru eflaust margar: \u00d6ryggisleysi vegna kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins og \u00f6flugra fylkinga ofst\u00e6kismanna \u00ed b\u00e1\u00f0um herb\u00fa\u00f0um, fr\u00e9ttir af fyrstu kjarnorkusprengju Sov\u00e9tmanna hausti\u00f0 1949, fr\u00e9ttir af <a href=\"https:\/\/ahf.nuclearmuseum.org\/ahf\/history\/espionage\/\">handt\u00f6kum nj\u00f3snara<\/a> eins og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Klaus_Fuchs\">K. Fuchs<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg\">Rosenberg hj\u00f3nanna<\/a>, upphafi <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War\">K\u00f3reustr\u00ed\u00f0sins<\/a> og opinberri \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un Bandar\u00edkjastj\u00f3rnar um <a href=\"https:\/\/ahf.nuclearmuseum.org\/ahf\/history\/hydrogen-bomb-1950\/\">sm\u00ed\u00f0i vetnisspengjunnar<\/a>. Einnig var Bohr \u00ed fr\u00e9ttum fyrir a\u00f0 skrifa ekki undir hi\u00f0 svokalla\u00f0a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stockholm_Appeal\">Stokkh\u00f3lms\u00e1varp<\/a> um algj\u00f6rt bann vi\u00f0 kjarnorkuvopnum. R\u00f6k hans voru \u00feau, a\u00f0 \u00e1varpi\u00f0 \u00feeg\u00f0i \u00feunnu hlj\u00f3\u00f0i um opin samskipti um kjarnorkum\u00e1l, en \u00fea\u00f0 haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 megniefni br\u00e9fs hans til Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 15. j\u00fan\u00ed: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1084831\">Bohr neitar a\u00f0 undirrita fri\u00f0ar\u00e1varp komm\u00fanista<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 16. j\u00fan\u00ed: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1084842\">Fri\u00f0arvinur svarar fri\u00f0ar\u00e1varpi<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 1. j\u00fal\u00ed: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1084902\">Hann skrifa\u00f0i ekki undir<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bohr h\u00e9lt \u00e1fram b\u00e1r\u00e1ttu sinni fyrir opnum samskiptum austurs og vesturs allt til \u00e6viloka 1962, en \u00e1n mikils \u00e1rangurs (sj\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">kafla IVb<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>En Bohr ger\u00f0i einnig \u00fdmislegt anna\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1runum eftir seinni heimstyrj\u00f6ldina. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1950 sneri hann s\u00e9r a\u00f0 frekari uppbyggingu e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0iranns\u00f3kna og al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legri samvinnu e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, b\u00e6\u00f0i heima \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku (<em>Ris\u00f6<\/em>) og \u00e1 vettvangi Evr\u00f3pu (<em>CERN<\/em>, <em>NORDITA<\/em>). Kaflar <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">IVb<\/span> og <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">IVc<\/span> fjalla um \u00fe\u00e1 vinnu og hvernig vi\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar h\u00f6fum not\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0s af henni.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2023\/01\/16\/niels-bohr-og-islendingar-i-inngangur-og-efnisyfirlit\/\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Til baka \u00ed efnisyfirliti\u00f0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Efnisyfirlit Eins og sagt var fr\u00e1 \u00ed II. kafla, var \u00fea\u00f0 ekki fyrr en eftir fund nifteindarinnar \u00e1ri\u00f0 1932 og framk\u00f6llun fyrstu kjarnahvarfanna me\u00f0 hra\u00f0li sama \u00e1r, sem Niels Bohr h\u00f3f sj\u00e1lfur a\u00f0 stunda kennilegar ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00a0\u00c1ri\u00f0 1936 setti hann fram tilt\u00f6lulega einfalt en gagnlegt l\u00edkan fyrir \u00e1rekstra at\u00f3mkjarna, hi\u00f0 svokalla\u00f0a svipkjarnal\u00edkan. Eftir [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,5,17,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-edlisfraedi","category-efnafraedi","category-tuttugasta-og-fyrsta-oldin","category-tuttugasta-oldin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20870","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20870"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20870\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20870"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=20870"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=20870"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}