{"id":21072,"date":"2023-04-23T16:25:59","date_gmt":"2023-04-23T16:25:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/?p=21072"},"modified":"2023-04-23T16:25:59","modified_gmt":"2023-04-23T16:25:59","slug":"niels-bohr-og-islendingar-iv-b-althjodlegt-samstarf-a-eftirstridsarunum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/?p=21072","title":{"rendered":"Niels Bohr og \u00cdslendingar IV: (b) Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt samstarf \u00e1 eftirstr\u00ed\u00f0s\u00e1runum"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2023\/01\/16\/niels-bohr-og-islendingar-i-inngangur-og-efnisyfirlit\/\">Efnisyfirlit<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00deegar hinn \u00fer\u00edtugi kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur, \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, kom heim fr\u00e1 Bandar\u00edkjunum hausti\u00f0 1947 (sj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2023\/03\/13\/niels-bohr-og-islendingar-iv-a-kjarnorka\/\">kafla IVa)<\/a> haf\u00f0i hann teki\u00f0 endanlega \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 h\u00e9r skildi hann framvegis b\u00faa og starfa. Segja m\u00e1, a\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feeirri \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un hafi ranns\u00f3knarandinn fr\u00e1 E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnuninni \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn fyrir alv\u00f6ru n\u00e1\u00f0 a\u00f0 teygja sig til \u00cdslands. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00deorbj\u00f6rn hafi einnig or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir margskonar \u00e1hrifum \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum, \u00fe\u00e1 var hann samt \u00e1vallt \u201eeinn af l\u00e6risveinum N\u00edelsar Bohr\u201c \u00ed hugum landsmanna.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20608\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20608\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20608\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/01\/THS_1947-296x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"410\" height=\"416\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/THS_1947-296x300.jpg 296w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/THS_1947.jpg 614w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20608\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson \u00ed Los Alamos, sk\u00f6mmu \u00e1\u00f0ur en hann kom heim fr\u00e1 Bandar\u00edkjunum. Sj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2749347\">fr\u00e9tt \u00ed \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljanum<\/a>, 24. september 1947.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Flj\u00f3tlega eftir heimkomuna birtust vi\u00f0t\u00f6l vi\u00f0 \u00deorbj\u00f6rn \u00ed dagbl\u00f6\u00f0um um dv\u00f6l hans \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum og ranns\u00f3knir hans \u00fear. R\u00e6tt var um a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0una til e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0iranns\u00f3kna vi\u00f0 Princetonh\u00e1sk\u00f3la, erindi hans til Los Alamos og a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6g\u00f0u um kjarnorkum\u00e1l almennt. \u00dear kemur einnig fram, a\u00f0 \u00deorbj\u00f6rn haf\u00f0i haft me\u00f0 s\u00e9r b\u00fana\u00f0 til geislam\u00e6linga fr\u00e1 Princeton, \u00fdmist t\u00e6ki sem hann haf\u00f0i sm\u00ed\u00f0a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfur, e\u00f0a eignast \u00f3d\u00fdrt. Hann var \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feegar b\u00fainn a\u00f0 f\u00e1 a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u til ranns\u00f3kna \u00ed kjallara A\u00f0albyggingar H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans og haf\u00f0i teki\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00e9r stundakennslu vi\u00f0 verkfr\u00e6\u00f0ideild sk\u00f3lans. Sem kunnugt er var \u00fea\u00f0 einmitt \u00deorbj\u00f6rn, sem innleiddi verklega kennslu \u00ed fyrrihlutan\u00e1mi\u00f0 \u00ed verkfr\u00e6\u00f0i h\u00e9r heima.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn<\/em>, 1. okt. 1947: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2749391\">V\u00edrusar, kjarnorka og dau\u00f0ageislar I<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2749399\">II<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 18. okt. 1947: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1265223\">Mannkyn sem r\u00e6\u00f0ur yfir \u00f3takmarka\u00f0ri orku er \u00ed h\u00e6ttu statt<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c1tj\u00e1n \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar komu \u00feessi m\u00e1lefni aftur til umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed upphafi \u00e1g\u00e6tis vi\u00f0tals vi\u00f0 \u00deorbj\u00f6rn:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>T\u00edmarit M\u00e1ls og menningar<\/em>, 1965: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/6279798\">\u00cdslenzk v\u00edsindastarfsemi<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Auk stundakennslu vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann, t\u00f3k \u00deorbj\u00f6rn einnig a\u00f0 s\u00e9r e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ikennslu vi\u00f0 Menntask\u00f3lann \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk og h\u00e9lt \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1fram, allt til hann var\u00f0 pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands, hausti\u00f0 1957.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21071\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21071\" style=\"width: 591px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21071\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/TS_6X_1949-copy-300x138.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"591\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/TS_6X_1949-copy-300x138.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/TS_6X_1949-copy.jpg 567w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 591px) 100vw, 591px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21071\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sj\u00f6tti bekkur X \u00ed Menntask\u00f3lanum \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk \u00e1samt raungreinakennurum s\u00ednum vori\u00f0 1949. Fremsta r\u00f6\u00f0 fr\u00e1 vinstri: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1935323#page\/n51\/mode\/2up\">Bj\u00f6rn Bjarnason<\/a> st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ingur, <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1838869#page\/n35\/mode\/2up\">Sigurkarl Stef\u00e1nsson<\/a> st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ingur, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mbl.is\/greinasafn\/grein\/1449710\/\">P\u00e1lmi Hannesson<\/a> n\u00e1tt\u00farufr\u00e6\u00f0ingur, <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2021\/08\/29\/gudmundur-arnlaugsson-staerdfraedingur-1913-1996\/\">Gu\u00f0mundur Arnlaugsson<\/a> st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ingur og \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur. Allir h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00feeir loki\u00f0 n\u00e1mi vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. Me\u00f0al nemenda standa efst fr\u00e1 vinstri Gu\u00f0mundur P\u00e1lmason (s\u00ed\u00f0ar jar\u00f0e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur), Steingr\u00edmur Baldursson (s\u00ed\u00f0ar efnafr\u00e6\u00f0ingur og pr\u00f3fessor) og Leifur Hannersson (s\u00ed\u00f0ar verkfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur og pr\u00f3fessor). Margr\u00e9t Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir (s\u00ed\u00f0ar l\u00e6knir, veirufr\u00e6\u00f0ingur og pr\u00f3fessor) stendur a\u00f0 baki \u00deorbj\u00f6rns.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar stundakennslunni \u00feennan fyrsta \u00e1ratug, vann \u00deorbj\u00f6rn \u00e1samt fyrrum kennara s\u00ednum \u00ed Menntask\u00f3lanum \u00e1 Akureyri, <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/6577496\">Trausta Einarssyni<\/a>, a\u00f0 jar\u00f0e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0iathugunum \u00ed Heklugosinu 1947. A\u00f0 bei\u00f0ni Bandar\u00edkjamannsins <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harold_Urey\">H.C. Ureys<\/a>, sendi \u00deorbj\u00f6rn honum berg- og vatnss\u00fdni fr\u00e1 Heklu til geislam\u00e6linga, en m\u00e6ldi jafnframt sj\u00e1lfur geislavirkni n\u00fdrra hraunlaga me\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geiger_counter\">Geiger\u2013M\u00fcller teljaranum<\/a>, sem hann haf\u00f0i sm\u00ed\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00ed Princeton. \u00cd lj\u00f3s kom, a\u00f0 virknin var hin sama og \u00ed eldri l\u00f6gum. Einnig nota\u00f0i \u00deorbj\u00f6rn m\u00e6linn til a\u00f0 kanna geislavirkni \u00ed bergi v\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00e1 Su\u00f0urlandi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, 1951: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5458148\">Sk\u00fdrsla um m\u00e6lingar \u00e1 geislamagni \u00edslenzkra bergtegunda, ger\u00f0ar sumari\u00f0 1948<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c1ri\u00f0 1949 t\u00f3k \u00deorbj\u00f6rn vi\u00f0 starfi framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3ra Ranns\u00f3knarr\u00e1\u00f0s r\u00edkisins og sinnti \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0 miklum \u00e1g\u00e6tum til 1957, \u00feegar hann var\u00f0 pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. Hj\u00e1 Ranns\u00f3knarr\u00e1\u00f0i f\u00e9kk hann ekki mikil t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 stunda ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, enda var \u00f6ll a\u00f0sta\u00f0a til sl\u00edkra verka v\u00e6gast sagt \u00f3fullkomin.<\/p>\n<p>Sem framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3ri Ranns\u00f3knarr\u00e1\u00f0s, vann \u00deorbj\u00f6rn \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 margskonar \u00f6\u00f0rum verkefnum, \u00fdmist einn e\u00f0a me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum. Hann kanna\u00f0i til d\u00e6mis hitadreifinguna \u00ed Geysi me\u00f0 s\u00e9rh\u00f6nnu\u00f0um b\u00fana\u00f0i, rannsaka\u00f0i <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1011331\">\u00feang og \u00fearagr\u00f3\u00f0ur \u00e1 \u00fdmsum st\u00f6\u00f0um<\/a>, me\u00f0al annars \u00ed Brei\u00f0afir\u00f0i og vann vi\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1010615\">\u00feyngdarm\u00e6lingar \u00ed samvinnu vi\u00f0 franskan Gr\u00e6nlandslei\u00f0angur<\/a>. Einnig skrifa\u00f0i hann al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0legar greinar.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, 1949: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4266864\">Hitam\u00e6lingar \u00ed Geysi<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, 1949: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5486759\">\u00dar \u00fer\u00f3unars\u00f6gu at\u00f3mv\u00edsindanna<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, 1949: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5457874\">Geimgeislar<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Marteinn Bj\u00f6rnsson &amp; \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, 1951: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4267334\">Athuganir \u00e1 \u00fearagr\u00f3\u00f0ri \u00ed Brei\u00f0afir\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Trausti Einarsson, \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson &amp; Gunnar B\u00f6\u00f0varsson, 1951: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/7726712\">The French-Icelandic gravity measurements in southern Iceland in 1950<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, 1952: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/6574339\">Kristalger\u00f0 \u00edssins<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c1hugi \u00deorbj\u00f6rns \u00e1 jar\u00f0segulm\u00e6lingum, vi\u00f0fangsefni sem s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00e1tti eftir a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a hans a\u00f0al ranns\u00f3knarsvi\u00f0 h\u00e9rlendis, mun fyrst hafa vakna\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1950 til 1951. \u00de\u00e1 fylgdist hann me\u00f0 m\u00e6lingum ungs hollensks doktorsnema, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/science\/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases\/hospers-jan\">J. Hospers<\/a>, \u00e1 segulstefnu \u00ed bergi h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. Ekki lei\u00f0 \u00e1 l\u00f6ngu \u00fear til Hospers var\u00f0 vel \u00feekktur fyrir \u00feessar ranns\u00f3knir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn, 11. ma\u00ed 1952: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2760740\">\u00cdslenzk hraun sanna segulsvi\u00f0sn\u00faning<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn, 11. jan\u00faar 1953: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2762384\">Hraun \u00ed Elli\u00f0a\u00e1rvogi rann fyrir um 5000 \u00e1rum: Aldur m\u00f3s undan hrauninu \u00e1kvar\u00f0a\u00f0ur me\u00f0 geislunarm\u00e6lingum vi\u00f0 kjarnaranns\u00f3knarstofnun Chicagoh\u00e1sk\u00f3la<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hausti\u00f0 1952 f\u00e9kk \u00deorbj\u00f6rn leyfi fr\u00e1 starfi s\u00ednu fyrir Ranns\u00f3knarr\u00e1\u00f0 til a\u00f0 vinna t\u00edmabundi\u00f0 me\u00f0 kennilega starfsh\u00f3pnum hj\u00e1 <em>CERN<\/em>, sem \u00fe\u00e1 var \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn og undir stj\u00f3rn N\u00edelsar Bohr. Hann nota\u00f0i jafnframt t\u00edmann til a\u00f0 kynna s\u00e9r segulm\u00e6lingar \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku og undirb\u00faa svipa\u00f0ar m\u00e6lingar h\u00e9r heima. \u00cd <u>kafla IVc <\/u>ver\u00f0ur r\u00e6tt n\u00e1nar um segulm\u00e6linga\u00fe\u00e1ttinn \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum \u00deorbj\u00f6rns eftir heimkomuna fr\u00e1 Kaupmannah\u00f6fn, sumari\u00f0 1953. \u00deess m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 geta h\u00e9r, a\u00f0 kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0in kom honum s\u00ed\u00f0ar a\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0um notum vi\u00f0 h\u00f6nnun og sm\u00ed\u00f0i mikilv\u00e6gra segulm\u00e6lingat\u00e6kja.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1hugasamir lesendur geta fengi\u00f0 n\u00e1nari uppl\u00fdsingar um \u00deorbj\u00f6rn og ranns\u00f3knir hans \u00ed yfirlitinu<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Einar H. Gu\u00f0mundsson, 2021: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2021\/04\/15\/thorbjorn-sigurgeirsson-1917-1988-a-brief-overview-of-his-life-and-scientific-work\/\">Thorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson (1917-1988): a brief overview of his life and scientific work<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00dear er me\u00f0al annars h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 n\u00e1lgast ritaskr\u00e1 \u00deorbj\u00f6rns og \u00fdmsar gagnlegar heimildir um \u00e6vi hans og st\u00f6rf. \u00cd \u00feessum og n\u00e6sta kafla er svo geti\u00f0 frekari heimilda um verk \u00deorbj\u00f6rns \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1952 til 1966 og tengsl hans og samstarfsmanna hans vi\u00f0 danska og al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0iheiminn \u00e1 sama t\u00edmabili.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>CERN<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>R\u00e9tt er a\u00f0 geta \u00feess strax, a\u00f0 skammst\u00f6funin <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CERN\">CERN<\/a> stendur fyrir <em>Conseil Europ\u00e9en pour la Recherche Nucl\u00e9aire <\/em>(European Council for Nuclear Research). Um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a undirb\u00fanings- e\u00f0a br\u00e1\u00f0abirg\u00f0ar\u00e1\u00f0, sem var formlega skipa\u00f0 \u00ed febr\u00faar 1952 og \u00e1tti a\u00f0 undirb\u00faa stofnun Vestur-Evr\u00f3pskrar ranns\u00f3knarmi\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0var \u00ed kjarna- og \u00f6reindafr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00c1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma k\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u00cdslendingar r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00fdmist <em>Kjarnorkur\u00e1\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pu<\/em>, <em>Kjarnorkuv\u00edsindar\u00e1\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pu<\/em> e\u00f0a <em>Kjarnorkunefnd Evr\u00f3pu<\/em>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21060\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21060\" style=\"width: 419px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21060\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/CERN_letter_1952-214x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"419\" height=\"587\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/CERN_letter_1952-214x300.jpg 214w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/CERN_letter_1952-731x1024.jpg 731w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/CERN_letter_1952-768x1076.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/CERN_letter_1952-1096x1536.jpg 1096w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/CERN_letter_1952.jpg 1122w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21060\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A\u00f0 loknum <em>CERN<\/em>-fundinum \u00ed febr\u00faar 1952 sendu \u00fe\u00e1tttakendur \u00feetta fr\u00e6ga \u00a0br\u00e9f til bandar\u00edska e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingsins, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi\">I. Rabi<\/a>. Hann haf\u00f0i tveimur \u00e1rum \u00e1\u00f0ur \u00e1tt mikinn \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed a\u00f0 koma umr\u00e6\u00f0um um samstarfi\u00f0 \u00e1 skri\u00f0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>H\u00e9r er \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 nefna, a\u00f0 saga <em>CERN<\/em> er til \u00ed \u00feremur bindum, sem n\u00e1 yfir t\u00edmabili\u00f0 fr\u00e1 lokum seinni heimsstyrjaldarinnar til \u00e1rsins 1996:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hermann, A., L. Belloni, U. Mersits, D. Pestre &amp; J. Krige, 1987:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/books\/history-of-cern-i\/hermann\/978-0-444-87037-7\"> History of CERN I: Launching the European Organization for Nuclear Research<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Hermann, A., L. Weiss, D. Pestre, U. Mersits &amp; J. Krige, 1990: <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.elsevier.com\/books\/history-of-cern-ii\/hermann\/978-0-444-88207-3\">History of CERN II: Building and Running the Laboratory, 1954-1965<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Krige, J. (ritstj.), 1996: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/books\/history-of-cern-iii\/krige\/978-0-444-89655-1\">History of CERN III<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sj\u00e1 einnig:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Schopper, H. &amp; L. Di Lella, 2015: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/worldscibooks\/10.1142\/9441#t=aboutBook\">60 Years of CERN Experiments and Discoveries<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Fabjan, C.W., T. Taylor, D. Treille &amp; H. Wenninger, 2017: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=OYNIDwAAQBAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Technology Meets Research &#8211; 60 Years of CERN Technology: Selected Highlights<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.home.cern\/\">vefs\u00ed\u00f0u CERN<\/a> m\u00e1 svo finna tilt\u00f6lulega stutt, en fr\u00f3\u00f0legt <a href=\"https:\/\/www.home.cern\/about\/who-we-are\/our-history\">yfirlit um s\u00f6gu stofnunarinnar<\/a>. Hva\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku Dana var\u00f0ar, hef \u00e9g \u00ed \u00feessari umfj\u00f6llun einkum stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 eftirfarandi heimild:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Klaus Rasmussen, 2002: <a href=\"https:\/\/css.au.dk\/fileadmin\/www.ivs.au.dk\/css.au.dk\/hosta010_01.pdf\">Det danske engagement i CERN 1950-70<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>CERN<\/strong><strong> \u2013 Bohr, \u00deorbj\u00f6rn og fleiri<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A\u00f0dragandinn a\u00f0 skipun Kjarnorkur\u00e1\u00f0sins \u00e1 febr\u00faarfundinum 1952 haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 langur og strangur og umr\u00e6\u00f0ur voru \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feegar hafnar um heppilega sta\u00f0setningu fyrir stofnunina. Margir vildu hreppa hnossi\u00f0, til d\u00e6mis ger\u00f0u Danir s\u00e9r miklar vonir um a\u00f0 Kaupmannah\u00f6fn og E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnun Bohrs yr\u00f0u fyrir valinu. Eftir frekar j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0 vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hugmyndum Bohrs \u00e1 samr\u00e1\u00f0sfundi \u00ed Par\u00eds \u00ed desember 1951 birtist \u00feessi fors\u00ed\u00f0ufr\u00e9tt \u00ed <em>Politiken<\/em>: \u201cK\u00e6mpem\u00e6ssigt Unesco-projekt: Europas atom-center maaske i K\u00f8benhavn.\u201d H\u00e9r heima m\u00e1tti sj\u00e1 \u00feessar v\u00e6ntingar endurspeglast \u00ed \u00edslenskum dagbl\u00f6\u00f0um:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn, 12. jan\u00faar 1952: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2759956\">Kh\u00f6fn mi\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0 kjarnorkuranns\u00f3kna Verstur-Evr\u00f3pu<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21068\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21068\" style=\"width: 526px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21068\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/Paris1951-300x178.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"526\" height=\"312\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Paris1951-300x178.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Paris1951-1024x608.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Paris1951-768x456.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Paris1951-1536x911.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Paris1951.jpeg 1820w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 526px) 100vw, 526px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21068\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00deessi skemmtilega mynd eftir D. Parkins birtist \u00ed greininni <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/455174a\">Paris 1951: The birth of CERN<\/a> eftir F. de Rose fr\u00e1 2008. \u00c1 bandar\u00edsku h\u00e6nunni sitja \u00feeir \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi\">I. Rabi<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._Robert_Oppenheimer\">J.R. Oppenheimer<\/a>, en \u00e1 egginu (merkt <em>CERN<\/em>) \u00feeir <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francis_Perrin_(physicist)\">F. Perrin<\/a>, Niels Bohr, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Werner_Heisenberg\">W. Heisenberg<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Paget_Thomson\">G.P. Thomson<\/a>. \u00cd bakgrunninum h\u00e6gra megin m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 Evr\u00f3pu \u00ed rj\u00fakandi r\u00fastum eftir seinni heimsstyrj\u00f6ldina.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>D\u00f6num var\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 ekki a\u00f0 \u00f3sk sinni, \u00fev\u00ed strax \u00e1 \u00feri\u00f0ja fundi Kjarnorkur\u00e1\u00f0sins \u00ed okt\u00f3ber 1952 var \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 stofnunin yr\u00f0i sta\u00f0sett \u00ed \u00fatja\u00f0ri Genfar \u00ed Sviss. \u00deegar h\u00fan var svo formlega sett \u00e1 laggirnar \u00ed september 1954, var svissnesk-bandar\u00edski e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Felix_Bloch\">F. Bloch<\/a> skipa\u00f0ur fyrsti forst\u00f6\u00f0uma\u00f0urinn. Stofnunin hlaut jafnframt n\u00fdtt nafn, <em>Organisation Europ\u00e9enne pour la Recherche Nucl\u00e9aire<\/em> (European Organization for Nuclear Research; Ranns\u00f3knarstofnun Evr\u00f3pu \u00ed kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i), en skammst\u00f6funinni <em>CERN<\/em> var \u00fe\u00f3 haldi\u00f0 til a\u00f0 for\u00f0ast rugling. \u00cd dag stendur <em>CERN<\/em> fyrir <em>Laboratoire europ\u00e9en pour la physique des particules<\/em> (European laboratory for particle physics; Ranns\u00f3knarstofnun Evr\u00f3pu \u00ed \u00f6reindafr\u00e6\u00f0i).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 31. j\u00fal\u00ed 1954: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1295195\">&#8220;Kjarnorkuv\u00edsindar\u00e1\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pu&#8221; stofna\u00f0<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljinn<\/em>, 7. n\u00f3vember 1954: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2768924\">\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verji forma\u00f0ur kjarnorkunefndar Evr\u00f3pu<\/a>. (\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verji?)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Vonbrig\u00f0i Dana voru talsver\u00f0, \u00feegar \u00feeir fr\u00e9ttu af \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0uninni um sta\u00f0setninguna \u00ed Genf. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 neyddust \u00feeir til a\u00f0 horfast \u00ed augu vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 sta\u00f0reynd, a\u00f0 Kaupmannah\u00f6fn var ekki lengur sama st\u00f3rveldi\u00f0 \u00ed heimi evr\u00f3pskrar e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og veri\u00f0 haf\u00f0i \u00e1 millistr\u00ed\u00f0s\u00e1runum. Margir \u00feeirra hef\u00f0u \u00fe\u00f3 sennilega teki\u00f0 undir or\u00f0in, sem e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victor_Weisskopf\">V.F. Weisskopf<\/a> l\u00e9t falla um Bohr undir lok <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1342835\/files\/Weisskopf_1962.pdf\">minningargreinar<\/a> um vin sinn \u00ed \u00e1rslok 1962:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>CERN exists because of Niels Bohr. It was Niels Bohr&#8217;s personality, Niels Bohr&#8217;sweight, and Niels Bohr&#8217;s work that made this place possible. There were other personalities\u00a0 who started and conceived the idea of CERN. The enthusiasm and the ideas of the other people would not have been enough, however, if a man of his stature had not supported it, and not only supported it, if he had not participated actively in every important act of founding and developing, if he had not sat together with the others and worried about every detail.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Sennilega hafa tilfinningarnar bori\u00f0 Weisskopf ofurli\u00f0i \u00ed \u00a0\u00feetta skipti\u00f0, \u00fev\u00ed auk \u00feeirra Bohrs og Rabis h\u00f6f\u00f0u fj\u00f6lmargir a\u00f0rir dugmiklir einstaklingar lagst \u00e1 \u00e1rarnar til a\u00f0 koma skipinu \u00ed h\u00f6fn. Me\u00f0al \u00feeirra m\u00e1 nefna e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingana <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edoardo_Amaldi\">E. Amaldi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Victor_Auger\">P. Auger<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lew_Kowarski\">L. Kowarsky<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francis_Perrin_(physicist)\">F. Perrin<\/a> og \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Werner_Heisenberg\">W. Heisenberg<\/a>, sem og \u00fdmsa h\u00e1ttsetta stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn. Hitt er \u00fe\u00f3 r\u00e9tt hj\u00e1 Weisskopf, a\u00f0 \u00e1hrif Bohrs \u00e1 framgang \u00feessara m\u00e1la voru mikil \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1950 til 1954.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kowarski, L.,1961: <a href=\"http:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/278089\/files\/p1.pdf\">An Account of the Origin and Beginnings of CERN<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Amaldi, E., 1985: <a href=\"http:\/\/acervo.if.usp.br\/uploads\/IF\/MS\/II\/IF-MS-II-01-014-0142-01422-0.pdf\">Niels Bohr and the Early History of CERN<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Krige, J., 2004: <a href=\"https:\/\/physicstoday.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1063\/1.1809091\">I. Rabi and the Birth of CERN<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Schopper, H., 2005: <a href=\"https:\/\/physicstoday.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1063\/1.1955503\">CERN\u2019s Early History Revisited<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Krige, J., 2005: <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00016-004-0225-z\">Isidor I. Rabi and CERN<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Petitjean, P., 2006: <a href=\"https:\/\/shs.hal.science\/halshs-00166533\/document\">Pierre Auger and the Founding of CERN<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>De Rose, F., 2014: <a href=\"https:\/\/cerncourier.com\/a\/viewpoint-origins-the-early-days-of-cern-2\/\">Origins: the Early Days of CERN<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Upphaf v\u00edsindastarfsins<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur sag\u00f0i, var Kjarnorkur\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 skipa\u00f0 \u00ed febr\u00faar 1952 og h\u00f3f flj\u00f3tlega st\u00f6rf. Fulltr\u00faar Dana voru \u00ed byrjun e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir Niels Bohr og <a href=\"https:\/\/biografiskleksikon.lex.dk\/J.C._Jacobsen_-_fysiker\">J.C. Jacobsen<\/a> og st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jakob_Nielsen_(mathematician)\">J. Nielsen<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21066\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21066\" style=\"width: 420px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21066\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/Nielsen_Bohr_Jacobsen-300x221.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Nielsen_Bohr_Jacobsen-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Nielsen_Bohr_Jacobsen-1024x753.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Nielsen_Bohr_Jacobsen-768x565.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Nielsen_Bohr_Jacobsen.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21066\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nielsen, Bohr og Jacobsen \u00e1 einum af fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum <em>CERN<\/em>-fundum \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1951-52. Eins og fjalla\u00f0 er um \u00ed kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2023\/03\/13\/niels-bohr-og-islendingar-iv-a-kjarnorka\/\">IVa<\/a> var <a href=\"https:\/\/biografiskleksikon.lex.dk\/J.C._Jacobsen_-_fysiker\">Jacobsen<\/a> annar af tveimur a\u00f0alkennurum \u00deorbj\u00f6rns Sigurgeirssonar \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma. Mynd: Niels Bohr Archive.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00c1 fundi r\u00e1\u00f0sins \u00ed ma\u00ed 1952 var \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0, a\u00f0 forma\u00f0ur \u00feess yr\u00f0i E. Amaldi fr\u00e1 R\u00f3m, en sj\u00e1lft \u00a0undirb\u00faningsstarfi\u00f0 skyldi fara fram \u00ed fj\u00f3rum deildum e\u00f0a starfsh\u00f3pum. \u00deeir voru:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: upper-alpha\">\n<li>H\u00f3pur undir stj\u00f3rn L. Kowarskys \u00ed Par\u00eds. Verkefni hans var a\u00f0 fjalla um almennt skipulag komandi stofnunar, fj\u00e1rm\u00e1l og h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i, einkum fyrir tilraunastarfsemina.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00f3pur undir stj\u00f3rn <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornelis_Bakker\">C.J. Bakkers<\/a> \u00ed Amsterdam. Verkefni hans var a\u00f0 undirb\u00faa h\u00f6nnun og sm\u00ed\u00f0i fyrsta <em>CERN<\/em>-hra\u00f0alsins, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synchrocyclotron\">sam-hringhra\u00f0als<\/a>, sem n\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 minnsta kosti 500 MeV orku. \u2013 Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an var\u00f0 hinn svokalla\u00f0i <a href=\"https:\/\/home.cern\/science\/accelerators\/synchrocyclotron\">SC-hra\u00f0all<\/a>, sem n\u00e1\u00f0i 600 MeV orku og komst \u00ed gagni\u00f0 1957.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00f3pur undir stj\u00f3rn <a href=\"https:\/\/nbl.snl.no\/Odd_Dahl\"> O. Dahls<\/a> \u00ed Bergen. Verkefni hans var a\u00f0 kanna m\u00f6guleika \u00e1 sm\u00ed\u00f0i risahra\u00f0als, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synchrotron\">samhra\u00f0als<\/a>, \u00ed l\u00edkingu vi\u00f0 hinn bandar\u00edska <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmotron\">Kosm\u00f3tron<\/a>, sem n\u00e6\u00f0i mun meiri orku en sam-hringhra\u00f0all B-h\u00f3psins og myndi ekki a\u00f0eins ver\u00f0a mikilv\u00e6gasta ranns\u00f3knart\u00e6ki hins n\u00fdja samstarfs, heldur jafnframt kraftmesti hra\u00f0all \u00ed heimi. \u2013 Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an \u00far \u00feessu h\u00f3pstarfi var tillaga um a\u00f0 sm\u00ed\u00f0a hinn svonefnda <a href=\"https:\/\/home.cern\/science\/accelerators\/proton-synchrotron\">PS-hra\u00f0al<\/a>, sem komst \u00ed gagni\u00f0 1959.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00f3pur undir stj\u00f3rn N\u00edelsar Bohr \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. Verkefni hans var a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 um kennilega \u00fatreikninga er tengdust v\u00e6ntanlegri hra\u00f0lastarfsemi <em>CERN<\/em>. \u2013 N\u00e1nar er fjalla\u00f0 um h\u00f3pinn h\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>H\u00f3parnir skyldu eiga t\u00ed\u00f0 samskipti og skiptast \u00e1 uppl\u00fdsingum eftir \u00fe\u00f6rfum. \u00deeim var og \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 skila r\u00e1\u00f0inu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um innan 18 m\u00e1na\u00f0a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Kennilegi h\u00f3purinn \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn 1952-1957<\/em><\/p>\n<p>S\u00ed\u00f0la \u00e1rs 1951 var or\u00f0i\u00f0 lj\u00f3st, a\u00f0 einhver hluti undirb\u00faningsstarfsins yr\u00f0i vista\u00f0ur \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. Bohr f\u00f3r \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feegar a\u00f0 huga a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, hvernig best v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 manna kennilegu starfsemina. Br\u00e9f voru send \u00fat og eitt \u00feeirra barst til \u00deorbj\u00f6rns Sigurgeirssonar \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk, \u00fear sem honum var bo\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed starfinu \u00e1 akadem\u00edska \u00e1rinu 1952-53. \u00deorbj\u00f6rn br\u00e1st j\u00e1kv\u00e6tt vi\u00f0, f\u00e9kk \u00e1rsleyfi fr\u00e1 starfi s\u00ednu sem framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3ri Ranns\u00f3knarr\u00e1\u00f0s og h\u00e9lt til \u00e1rsdvalar vi\u00f0 E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnun Bohrs <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1016334#page\/n0\/mode\/2up\">\u00ed \u00e1g\u00fast 1952<\/a>. Fyrr um sumari\u00f0 haf\u00f0i hann s\u00f3tt almenna r\u00e1\u00f0stefnu \u00fear \u00e1 vegum <em>CERN<\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 23. mars 1952: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1091499\">Fyrirhugu\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0stefna um kjarnorkum\u00e1l \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>V\u00edsir<\/em>, 4. j\u00fal\u00ed, 1952: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1174715\">Mesti kjarnaklj\u00fafur heims ver\u00f0ur reistur \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu<\/a>. Vi\u00f0tal vi\u00f0 \u00deorbj\u00f6rn eftir r\u00e1\u00f0stefnuna.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/2825416\/files\/Theoretical-Physics.pdf\">CERN-sk\u00fdrslur um j\u00fan\u00ed-r\u00e1\u00f0stefnuna 1952 &#8211; I<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/20338\/files\/CM-P00075405-e.pdf\">II<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c1\u00f0ur en lengra er haldi\u00f0, m\u00e1 geta \u00feess a\u00f0 finna m\u00e1 almennt yfirlit um st\u00f6rf hins kennilega h\u00f3ps Kjarnorkur\u00e1\u00f0sins \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1952-1954 \u00ed sk\u00fdrslunni<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bohr, N., 1954: \u201eProgress Report of the Theoretical Study Group.\u201c \u00cd<em> CERN<\/em>-sk\u00fdrslunni <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/212114\/files\/p1.pdf\">Reports to Member States 1952-1954<\/a>, bls. 115-118 (sj\u00e1 einnig bls. 99).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>H\u00e9r m\u00e1 svo sj\u00e1 lista yfir Kaupmannahafnarh\u00f3pinn \u00e1 \u00feessu t\u00edmabili:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21059\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21059\" style=\"width: 431px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21059\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/CERN_1952-53-248x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"431\" height=\"521\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/CERN_1952-53-248x300.png 248w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/CERN_1952-53.png 386w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21059\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00dar grein J. Iliopoulos fr\u00e1 1993: <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/261679\/files\/CERN-CH-39.pdf\">Physics in the CERN Theory Division<\/a>, bls. 4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>R\u00e9tt er a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga, a\u00f0 Niels Bohr var a\u00f0eins stj\u00f3rnandi h\u00f3psins \u00ed tv\u00f6 \u00e1r, 1952-54. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1954 var h\u00f3purinn ger\u00f0ur a\u00f0 deild \u00ed hinni n\u00fdstofnu\u00f0u Ranns\u00f3knarstofnun Evr\u00f3pu \u00ed kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i (skamms\u00f6funinni <em>CERN<\/em> var haldi\u00f0) og fyrrum nemandi Bohrs (og annar af tveimur a\u00f0alkennurum \u00deorbj\u00f6rns), <a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_M%C3%B8ller_(fysiker)\">Christian M\u00f8ller<\/a>, t\u00f3k vi\u00f0. Hann h\u00e9lt um stj\u00f3rnartaumana \u00fear til <a href=\"https:\/\/timeline.web.cern.ch\/closure-cerns-theoretical-study-division-copenhagen\">kennilega deildin var flutt fr\u00e1 Kaupmannah\u00f6fn til Genfar \u00e1ri\u00f0 1957<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vefs\u00ed\u00f0a <em>CERN<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/theory.cern\/cern-theoretical-physics\">CERN Theoretical Physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Iliopoulos, J., 1993: <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/261679\/files\/CERN-CH-39.pdf\">Physics in the CERN Theory Division<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Jarlskog, C., 2014: <a href=\"https:\/\/home.cern\/news\/opinion\/cern\/theory-cern-turns-62\">Theory at CERN turns 62<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Rasmussen, K., 2002: <a href=\"https:\/\/css.au.dk\/fileadmin\/www.ivs.au.dk\/css.au.dk\/hosta010_01.pdf\">Det danske engagement i CERN 1950-70<\/a>. Sj\u00e1 bls. 56- 70.<\/li>\n<li>Gudmundsson, E., H. Kiilerich, B. Mottelsson &amp; C. Pethick. 2021: <a href=\"http:\/\/nordita.org\/scrapbook\">Nordita &#8211; The Copenhagen Years: A Scrapbook<\/a>. Fjalla\u00f0 er um <em>CERN<\/em> \u00e1 bls. 5-8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>\u00de\u00e1ttur \u00deorbj\u00f6rns<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Fr\u00e1 upphafi haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0, a\u00f0 <em>CERN<\/em> skyldi leggja a\u00f0al\u00e1herslu \u00e1 h\u00f6nnun og sm\u00ed\u00f0i h\u00e1orku <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synchrotron\">samhra\u00f0als<\/a> fyrir r\u00f3teindir. Fyrstu hugmyndirnar um samhra\u00f0la h\u00f6f\u00f0u komi\u00f0 fram \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1944-45 \u00ed verkum Svov\u00e9tmannsins <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vladimir_Veksler\">V. Vekslers<\/a> og Bandar\u00edkjamannsins <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edwin_McMillan\">E.M. McMillans<\/a> um eindahra\u00f0la, sem g\u00e6tu n\u00e1\u00f0 mun h\u00e6rri orku en <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyclotron\">hringhra\u00f0lar<\/a> af svipa\u00f0ri ger\u00f0 og Bandar\u00edkjama\u00f0urinn <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_Lawrence\">E. Lawrence<\/a> haf\u00f0i fundi\u00f0 upp \u00e1ri\u00f0 1929. \u00dea\u00f0 mun svo hafa veri\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1runum um og upp \u00far 1950, sem \u00c1stralinn <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_Oliphant\">M. Oliphant<\/a> m\u00f3ta\u00f0i fyrstu raunh\u00e6fu hugmyndirnar um orkumikla samhra\u00f0la fyrir r\u00f3teindir. \u00c1l\u00edka hugmyndir ur\u00f0u einnig til \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum um svipa\u00f0 leyti \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 h\u00f6nnun og sm\u00ed\u00f0i hra\u00f0la me\u00f0 n\u00f6fnunum <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bevatron\">Bevatron<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmotron\">Kosm\u00f3tron<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Particle_accelerator\">Particle Accelerator<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Close, F., M. Marten &amp; C. Sutton, 1987:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Particle-Explosion-Frank-Close\/dp\/0198539991\"> The Particle Explosion<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wilson, E, 1996: <a href=\"https:\/\/accelconf.web.cern.ch\/e96\/papers\/orals\/frx04a.pdf\">Fifty years of synchrotrons<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Sessler, A. &amp; E. Wilson, 2014: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=1oS6CgAAQBAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Engines of Discovery: A Century of Particle Accelerators<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cd Kaupmannah\u00f6fn vann \u00deorbj\u00f6rn a\u00f0 kennilegum verkefnum me\u00f0 tveimur \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00ed h\u00f3pnum, \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verjanum <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gerhart_L%C3%BCders\">G. L\u00fcders<\/a> og \u00cdtalanum <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eduardo_R._Caianiello\">E.R. Caianiello<\/a>. Verkefni \u00feeirra var hluti af undirb\u00faningsvinnunni fyrir sm\u00ed\u00f0i <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton_Synchrotron\">r\u00f3teindahra\u00f0alsins PS<\/a>, sem Niels Bohr v\u00edg\u00f0i 1960 og gegnir enn mikilv\u00e6gu hlutverki hj\u00e1 <em>CERN<\/em>. Vandam\u00e1li\u00f0, sem \u00feeir gl\u00edmdu a\u00f0allega vi\u00f0, var a\u00f0 kanna, hvernig best v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 halda orkumiklum rafhl\u00f6\u00f0num eindum \u00e1 r\u00e9ttri braut \u00ed st\u00f3rum samhr\u00f6\u00f0lum. \u00dear bygg\u00f0u \u00feeir einkum \u00e1 s\u00e9rstakri a\u00f0fer\u00f0, svokalla\u00f0ari <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strong_focusing\">sterkri samstillingu<\/a>, sem \u00fer\u00edr Bandar\u00edkjamenn, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_Courant\">E.D. Courant<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milton_S._Livingston\">M.S. Livingston<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hartland_Snyder\">H.S. Snyder<\/a>, h\u00f6f\u00f0u n\u00fdlega stungi\u00f0 upp \u00e1. Kaupmannahafnarh\u00f3purinn vann me\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/babel.hathitrust.org\/cgi\/pt?id=mdp.39015086454124&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=1\">forprent<\/a> a\u00f0 grein \u00feeirra, sem kom ekki \u00fat fyrr en \u00ed \u00e1rslok 1952:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Courant, E. D., M.S. Livingston &amp; H.S. Snyder, 1952: <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/pr\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRev.88.1190\">The Strong-Focusing Synchrotron\u2014A New High Energy Accelerator<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Me\u00f0an \u00e1 ranns\u00f3knunum st\u00f3\u00f0, \u00e1tti h\u00f3purinn \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn \u00ed samvinnu vi\u00f0 \u00fdmsa a\u00f0ra v\u00edsindamenn, me\u00f0al annars breska h\u00f3pinn hj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomic_Energy_Research_Establishment\">Kjarnorkuranns\u00f3knarstofnuninni<\/a> \u00ed Harwell \u00ed Englandi. A\u00f0rir, sem unnu a\u00f0 skyldum verkefnum, voru E. Regenstreif \u00ed Par\u00eds og <a href=\"http:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kjell_Johnsen\">K. Johnsen<\/a> \u00ed Bergen. F\u00e1 m\u00e1 s\u00e6milegt almennt yfirlit um \u00feetta starf me\u00f0 lestri eftirfarandi heimilda:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bohr, N., 1953: \u201eProgress Report of the Theoretical Study Group (1st October- 31 December 1952).\u201c \u00cd <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/26808\/files\/CM-P00075438-e.pdf\">Draft minutes. Fourth CERN-session, Brussels, January 1953<\/a>. (Sj\u00e1 vi\u00f0auka V, nr. IV, li\u00f0 2, bls. 13).<\/li>\n<li>L\u00fcders, G., 1953: <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1225174\/files\/IOP_UNOG_1953_45.pdf\">Linear theory of betatron oscillations<\/a>. \u00cd ritinu <em>CERN Proton Synchrotron Group<\/em>, 1953: <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1097613\/files\/cm-p00051825-OCR.pdf\">Lectures on the Theory and Design of an Alternating-Gradient Proton Synchrotron<\/a>, bls. 45-67. Sj\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 einkum bls. 45. \u2013 Skv. <a href=\"http:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/17768\/files\/CM-P00074332-e.pdf\">dagskr\u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0stefnunnar<\/a> (sj\u00e1 li\u00f0 1e) hefur sennilega veri\u00f0 reikna\u00f0 me\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00deorbj\u00f6rn t\u00e6ki \u00fear \u00fe\u00e1tt, en hann var \u00fe\u00e1 kominn til \u00cdslands. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00fev\u00ed Jacobsen sem fjalla\u00f0i (a\u00f0 hluta) um verk hans \u00ed \u00feessu riti (bls. 159-170; sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar h\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir).<\/li>\n<li>Lawson, J.D., 1997: <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/340513\/files\/p1.pdf\">Early Syncrotrons in Britain, and Early Work for CERN<\/a>. Komi\u00f0 er inn \u00e1 verk \u00deorbj\u00f6rns og f\u00e9laga \u00ed 8. kafla greinarinnar, sem birtist \u00ed CERN-ritinu, <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/334108\/files\/CERN-97-04.pdf\">50 Years of Synchrotrons<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cd grein <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_D._Lawson_(scientist)\">Lawsons<\/a> segir me\u00f0al annars (bls. 22-23):<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Niels Bohr, head of the CERN theory study group arranged for Gerhard L\u00fcders from G\u00f6ttingen and T. Sigurgeirsson from Iceland, to work in Copenhagen on orbit dynamics. At Harwell John Bell also contributed to the orbit theory, and in January 1953 wrote a report on the algebra of strong focusing, which contained a derivation of what is now known as the Courant-Snyder invariant [\u201eBasic Algebra of the Strong-Focussing System\u201c]. \u00a0[&#8230;] L\u00fcders and Sigurgeirsson (who introduced the concept of &#8216;admittance&#8217;) [<a href=\"http:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1694489\/files\/CERN-T-TS-02.pdf\">Betatron oscillations in the strong focusing synchrotron<\/a>] together produced a formal theory of orbits in periodic structures, incorporating effects of misalignments responsible for the integral resonances, and also errors in gradient which also gave rise to half-integral resonances [<a href=\"https:\/\/inspirehep.net\/literature\/1095971\">Orbit Instabilities in the New Type Synchrotron<\/a>]. \u00a0[&#8230;] During 1953 meetings between the sub-groups had been held, at least two of these being in the UK. [&#8230;] One such meeting was held at Harwell by the orbits sub-group on 1 March. In addition to Harwell staff, Johnsen and Regenstreif were present, and three members of the theoretical group, Jacobsen, L\u00fcders and Sigurgeirsson. Several conclusions are reached: first, the prospects for making a strong-focusing synchrotron are good; second, because of alignment difficulties, n should be reduced by 4 to 900; third the magnetic field could be non-linear, but if so it must be closely controlled; fourth the frequency and phase need to be carefully controlled in passing through transition energy and finally, the field inhomogeneities at injection will require an injection energy of 50 MeV rather than 4 MeV as previously assumed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u00dearna er me\u00f0al annars minnast \u00e1 hinn \u00feekkta e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ing, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Stewart_Bell\">J.S. Bell<\/a>, sem \u00fe\u00e1 var enn \u00ed doktorsn\u00e1mi. Af l\u00fdsingunni m\u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0a, a\u00f0 \u00feeir \u00deorbj\u00f6rn hafi veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 vinna a\u00f0 tengdum verkefnum \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma og a\u00f0 samskipti h\u00f3panna \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn og Harwell hafi veri\u00f0 talsver\u00f0. Um verk Bells \u00ed hra\u00f0lav\u00edsindum m\u00e1 me\u00f0al annars lesa hj\u00e1<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Burke, P.G. &amp; I.C. Percival, 1999<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/770260?seq=1\">: John Stewart Bell. 28 July 1928-1 October 1990<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Framlag \u00deorbj\u00f6rns var fyrst og fremst fr\u00e6\u00f0ileg k\u00f6nnun \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, hvernig segulsvi\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed samhra\u00f0linum \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 vera til a\u00f0 halda eindunum saman \u00ed grannri bunu alla lei\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1fangasta\u00f0. Hann setti og fram till\u00f6gu um \u00fea\u00f0, hva\u00f0a l\u00f6gun rafsegulskaut hra\u00f0alsins skyldu hafa til a\u00f0 mynda sl\u00edkt svi\u00f0.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson: <a href=\"http:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1694488\/files\/CERN-T-TS-01.pdf\">A perturbation treatment of the betatron oscillations in a synchrotron with periodic magnetic field<\/a>. Sk\u00fdrsla: CERN T\/TS1, Kh\u00f6fn 1952.<\/li>\n<li>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson: <a href=\"http:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1694489\/files\/CERN-T-TS-02.pdf\">Betatron oscillations in the strong focusing synchrotron<\/a>. Sk\u00fdrsla: CERN T\/TS2, Kh\u00f6fn 1952.<\/li>\n<li>\u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson: <a href=\"http:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/212139\/files\/p1.pdf\">Focusing in a synchrotron with periodic field. Perturbation treatment.<\/a> Sk\u00fdrsla: CERN T\/TS3, Kh\u00f6fn 1953. S\u00ed\u00f0ar gefin \u00fat sem forprtent: CERN 55-14, Kh\u00f6fn 1955.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hugmynd \u00deorbj\u00f6rns vakti mikinn \u00e1huga \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn og til a\u00f0 kanna hana og a\u00f0ra eiginleika sterkrar samstillingar l\u00e9t J.C. Jacobsen sm\u00ed\u00f0a 6 metra langan samhra\u00f0alsboga me\u00f0 4 metra rad\u00edus \u00e1 E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnuninni.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21065\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21065\" style=\"width: 419px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21065\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/Kvarthringur_Jacobsen_1953-300x215.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"419\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Kvarthringur_Jacobsen_1953-300x215.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Kvarthringur_Jacobsen_1953-1024x735.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Kvarthringur_Jacobsen_1953-768x551.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Kvarthringur_Jacobsen_1953.jpeg 1432w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21065\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Samhra\u00f0alsbogi Jacobsens var um \u00fea\u00f0 bil fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungur \u00far hring. Hann var sm\u00ed\u00f0a\u00f0ur \u00e1ri\u00f0 1953 til a\u00f0 kanna hugmyndir \u00deorbj\u00f6rns og samstarfsmanna hans um segulst\u00fdringu \u00e1 eindabunum inni \u00ed h\u00e1orkuhr\u00f6\u00f0lum. Myndin, sem s\u00fdnir hluta bogans, er fengin a\u00f0 l\u00e1ni \u00far ritger\u00f0 Rasmussens fr\u00e1 2002: <a href=\"https:\/\/css.au.dk\/fileadmin\/www.ivs.au.dk\/css.au.dk\/hosta010_01.pdf\">Det danske engagement i CERN 1950-70<\/a> (bls. 59).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Jacobsen mun hafa skrifa\u00f0 tv\u00e6r sk\u00fdrslur um \u00feessar tilraunir: \u201eComments on: T. Sigurgeirssons: Focussing in a synchrotron with periodic field. Pertubation treatment.\u201c (CERN\/T\/JCJ-1)\u00a0 og\u00a0 \u201eExperimental study of a strong-focussing magnetic field.\u201c (CERN\/T\/JCJ-2). \u00c9g hef ekki enn n\u00e1\u00f0 a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a sk\u00fdrslurnar, en sennilega er ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar (allavega a\u00f0 hluta) einnig a\u00f0 finna \u00ed grein Jacobsens \u201eMagnetic Studies, Part II\u201c \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0um 159-170 \u00ed r\u00e1\u00f0stefnuritinu <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1097613\/files\/cm-p00051825-OCR.pdf\">Lectures on the Theory and Design of an Alternating-Gradient Proton Synchrotron<\/a> fr\u00e1 1953 og \u00e1\u00f0ur var minnst \u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/gegnir\/991005793359706886\">grein sinni um \u00deorbj\u00f6rn<\/a> fr\u00e1 1989 l\u00fdsir P\u00e1ll Theod\u00f3rsson tilraununum \u00e1 eftirfarandi h\u00e1tt (bls. 21-22):<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Vori\u00f0 1953 haf\u00f0i [\u00deorbj\u00f6rn] loki\u00f0 [kennilega] verkefninu og rafseglar voru sm\u00ed\u00f0a\u00f0ir eftir fyrirs\u00f6gn [hans] og p\u00edpu komi\u00f0 fyrir \u00ed segulsvi\u00f0inu. Til a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fa t\u00e6ki\u00f0 var alfa-geislandi efni sett \u00ed annan enda p\u00edpunnar en lj\u00f3smyndaplata \u00ed hinn endann og p\u00edpan s\u00ed\u00f0an loftt\u00e6md. Mundu n\u00fa alfaagnir sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u r\u00e9tta upphafsstefnu haldast \u00ed mj\u00f3um geisla og skila s\u00e9r \u00ed litlum punkti \u00ed um 6 metra fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0 eftir a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 sveig\u00f0ar af segulsvi\u00f0inu \u00ed fj\u00f3r\u00f0ung hrings? \u00c1 lj\u00f3smyndapl\u00f6tunni kom fram l\u00edtill svartur depill, tilg\u00e1tan haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 sta\u00f0fest og \u00e1fanga \u00ed undirb\u00faningi a\u00f0 sm\u00ed\u00f0i risahra\u00f0lanna var loki\u00f0.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Fyrstu \u00e1rin eftir a\u00f0 sk\u00fdrslur \u00deorbj\u00f6rns voru prenta\u00f0ar, var talsvert \u00ed \u00fe\u00e6r vitna\u00f0 og enn \u00feann dag \u00ed dag m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 \u00feeirra geti\u00f0 \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0igreinum:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Osswald, S. &amp; fl, 2023:<a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-0221\/18\/01\/P01011\/pdf\"> Transverse emittance measurement in 2D and 4D performed on a Low Energy Beam Transport line: benchmarking and data analysis<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>PS tekinn \u00ed notkun<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Sex \u00e1rum eftir a\u00f0 \u00deorbj\u00f6rn haf\u00f0i skila\u00f0 s\u00ednu framlagi til fr\u00e6\u00f0anna um risahra\u00f0la, t\u00f3kst a\u00f0 r\u00e6sa samhra\u00f0allinn mikla \u00ed CERN \u00ed fyrsta sinn, hinn 24. n\u00f3vember 1959. Hann var svo v\u00edg\u00f0ur formlega 6. febr\u00faar \u00e1ri\u00f0 eftir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>CERN Courier<\/em>, okt\u00f3ber 2009: <a href=\"https:\/\/cerncourier.com\/a\/a-night-to-remember\/\">A night to remember. In an article from the archives, Hildred Blewett recalls the start-up of the Proton Synchrotron<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21070\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21070\" style=\"width: 502px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21070\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/PS_CERN_1959-300x217.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"502\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/PS_CERN_1959-300x217.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/PS_CERN_1959-1024x742.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/PS_CERN_1959-768x556.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/PS_CERN_1959-1536x1113.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/PS_CERN_1959.jpg 1549w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21070\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd af hluta <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton_Synchrotron\">r\u00f3teindahra\u00f0alsins <em>PS<\/em><\/a>, r\u00e9tt \u00e1\u00f0ur en hann var r\u00e6stur \u00ed fyrsta sinn \u00ed n\u00f3vember 1959. Mynd: <em>CERN<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Um v\u00edgsluna \u00ed febr\u00faar 1960 m\u00e1 svo lesa \u00ed <a href=\"http:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1728478\/files\/vol1-issue8.pdf\">marshefti <em>CERN Courier<\/em><\/a> sama \u00e1r. Einnig var ger\u00f0 kvikmynd af \u00feessu tilefni: <a href=\"https:\/\/videos.cern.ch\/record\/43132\">CERN 1960 : le plus grand briseur d&#8217;atomes du monde<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21069\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21069\" style=\"width: 413px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21069\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/Proton_Syncrotron_1960-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"413\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Proton_Syncrotron_1960-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Proton_Syncrotron_1960-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21069\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">N\u00edels Bohr v\u00edgir PS-hra\u00f0alinn formlega \u00ed febr\u00faar 1960 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 senda kampav\u00ednsfl\u00f6sku af sta\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1tt a\u00f0 hra\u00f0linum. Flaskan lenti \u00e1 s\u00e9rstakri hl\u00edf\u00f0arpl\u00f6tu, \u00fear sem h\u00fan brotna\u00f0i eins og til st\u00f3\u00f0 (sj\u00e1 fr\u00f6nsku kvikmyndina, sem tengt er \u00e1 h\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan, kl. 06:54-07:20).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><em>CERN Courier<\/em>, mars 1960: <a href=\"http:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1728478\/files\/vol1-issue8.pdf\">PS Inauguration<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 6. Febr\u00faar 1960: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1326795\">St\u00e6rsti kjarnaklj\u00fafur heims<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>CERN Courier<\/em>, desember 1984: <a href=\"https:\/\/inis.iaea.org\/collection\/NCLCollectionStore\/_Public\/46\/032\/46032145.pdf\">25 years &#8230; and still going strong<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>CERN Courier<\/em>, n\u00f3vember 1999: <a href=\"https:\/\/cerncourier.com\/a\/40-years-of-cerns-proton-synchrotron\/\">40 years of CERN\u2019s Proton Synchrotron<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>CERN Bulletin<\/em>, n\u00f3vember 2009: <a href=\"https:\/\/cdsweb.cern.ch\/journal\/CERNBulletin\/2009\/50\/News%20Articles\/1224647\">The Proton Synchrotron, going strong at fifty years<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>CERN Courier<\/em>, jan\u00faar 2020: <a href=\"https:\/\/cerncourier.com\/a\/cerns-proton-synchrotron-turns-60\/\">CERN\u2019s proton synchrotron turns 60<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Brianti, G., 1997: <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/340514\/files\/p29.pdf\">The CERN Synchrotrons<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Gilardoni, S. &amp; D. Manglunki (ritstj.), 2011: <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1359959\/files\/cern-2011-004.pdf\">Fifty years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron. Volume I<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>\u00cdslendingar og CERN<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Vita\u00f0 er, a\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma hef\u00f0i \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson au\u00f0veldega geta\u00f0 fengi\u00f0 gott framt\u00ed\u00f0arstarf vi\u00f0 <em>CERN<\/em> e\u00f0a a\u00f0rar erlendar e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnanir, hvort heldur var \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu e\u00f0a Bandar\u00edkjunum. Sem kunnugt er, kaus hann \u00fe\u00f3 frekar a\u00f0 halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 starfa \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir afar erfi\u00f0ar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n<p>\u00de\u00f3tt \u00cdsland s\u00e9 ekki fullgildur a\u00f0ili a\u00f0<em> CERN<\/em>, hafa all nokkrir \u00cdslendingar, a\u00f0rir en \u00deorbj\u00f6rn, stunda\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knir vi\u00f0 stofnunina \u00ed lengri e\u00f0a skemmri t\u00edma. \u00dear skal fyrst nefna <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/OgmundurR.jpg\">\u00d6gmund Run\u00f3lfsson<\/a> kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ing. Hann lauk doktorspr\u00f3fi fr\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Bonn\">H\u00e1sk\u00f3lanum \u00ed Bonn<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1965 og var s\u00ed\u00f0an allan sinn starfsaldur hj\u00e1 <em>CERN<\/em> \u00ed Sviss, \u00fear sem hann vann a\u00f0 margs konar v\u00edsindaranns\u00f3knum og t\u00e6knilegum verkefnum.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00d6gmundur Run\u00f3lfsson, 1965: <em>Messung des Zeemaneffekts, des Starkeffekts und der Hyperfeinstruktur des C\u00e4siumfluorids mit der Molek\u00fclstrahlresonanzmethode.<\/em> Doktorsritger\u00f0 (til \u00e1 <em>Lbs-Hbs \u00cdslandssafn<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6gmundur Run\u00f3lfsson: <a href=\"https:\/\/inspirehep.net\/authors\/990932\">Ritaskr\u00e1<\/a> hj\u00e1 <em>INSPIRE<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>T\u00edminn<\/em>, 14. j\u00fal\u00ed 1989: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4054250\">Kannar tilur\u00f0 efnis \u00ed fumeindaskothr\u00ed\u00f0<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21067\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21067\" style=\"width: 411px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21067\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/OgmundurGudni-300x195.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"411\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/OgmundurGudni-300x195.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/OgmundurGudni-1024x667.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/OgmundurGudni-768x500.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/OgmundurGudni-1536x1001.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/OgmundurGudni-2048x1335.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 411px) 100vw, 411px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21067\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00d6gmundur Run\u00f3lfsson (til vinstri) og Gu\u00f0ni G. Sigur\u00f0sson.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>N\u00e6st kemur <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/03\/GudniSig.jpg\">Gu\u00f0ni G. Sigur\u00f0sson<\/a> kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur. Hann lauk doktorspr\u00f3fi fr\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology\">T\u00e6knih\u00e1sk\u00f3lanum \u00ed Karlsruhe<\/a> 1972 og var ritger\u00f0 hans bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 g\u00f6gnum, sem hann haf\u00f0i afla\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00e1rsdv\u00f6l hj\u00e1 <em>CERN<\/em>. Eftir doktorspr\u00f3fi\u00f0 stunda\u00f0i hann ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed eitt \u00e1r vi\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/inis.iaea.org\/collection\/NCLCollectionStore\/_Public\/47\/028\/47028512.pdf\">Serpukhov ranns\u00f3knarstofnunina<\/a> \u00ed Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum og vann s\u00ed\u00f0an sem verkfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur vi\u00f0 <em>CERN<\/em> \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1974-79. Hann var s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur vi\u00f0 Raunv\u00edsindastofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans 1979-82, en sneri s\u00e9r eftir \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 verkefnum hj\u00e1 hugb\u00fana\u00f0arfyrirt\u00e6kinu <em>T\u00f6lvar ehf<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gu\u00f0ni G. Sigur\u00f0sson, 1972: <em>Die neutralen Zerf\u00e4lle des \u03b7-Mesons und der Zerfall \u03b7&#8217; \u2192 \u03b3\u03b3<\/em>. Doktorsritger\u00f0 (til \u00e1 <em>Lbs-Hbs \u00cdslandssafn<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>Gu\u00f0ni G. Sigur\u00f0sson, 1987: \u201eTilraunir \u00ed \u00f6reindafr\u00e6\u00f0i.\u201c \u00cd b\u00f3kinni <a href=\"https:\/\/einar.hi.is\/SAGA\/Efnisyfirlit_%20HlutarinsEdli.pdf\"><em>\u00cd hlutarins e\u00f0li: Afm\u00e6lisrit til hei\u00f0urs \u00deorbirni Sigurgeirssyni pr\u00f3fessor<\/em><\/a>, bls. 381-399.<\/li>\n<li><em>DV<\/em>, 17. febr\u00faar 2001: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/3012188\">Gu\u00f0ni G. Sigur\u00f0sson e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c1ri\u00f0 1990 h\u00f3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hi.is\/starfsfolk\/thjons\">\u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur J\u00f3nsson<\/a> e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur athugun \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, hvort \u00cdslendingar g\u00e6tu gert einhvers konar samstarfssamning vi\u00f0 <em>CERN<\/em> \u00e1 svi\u00f0i \u00f6reindafr\u00e6\u00f0iranns\u00f3kna.\u00a0 Vori\u00f0 1991 sendi hann utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra erindi um m\u00e1li\u00f0, sem Menntam\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0 \u00e1framsendi til V\u00edsindar\u00e1\u00f0s og H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir dr\u00e6mar undirtektir \u00feessara stofnana \u00ed fyrstu, var a\u00f0 lokum ger\u00f0ur endurn\u00fdjanlegur fimm \u00e1ra <a href=\"https:\/\/international-relations.web.cern.ch\/stakeholder-relations\/states\/iceland\">samningur milli CERN og \u00edslenskra stj\u00f3rnvalda<\/a> \u00ed september \u00e1ri\u00f0 1996. Samkv\u00e6mt honum hefur \u00cdsland st\u00f6\u00f0u laustengds r\u00edkis (<a href=\"https:\/\/international-relations.web.cern.ch\/stakeholder-relations\/Associate-Non-Member-State-Relations\">non-member state<\/a>) hj\u00e1 <em>CERN<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma s\u00fdndi stj\u00f3rn <em>CERN<\/em> erindi \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar strax j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0an \u00e1huga, en eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 t\u00f3k \u00fea\u00f0 fimm til sex \u00e1r a\u00f0 koma m\u00e1linu \u00ed gegnum \u00edslenska stj\u00f3rnunarb\u00e1kni\u00f0. H\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur ekki fari\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed frekari sm\u00e1atri\u00f0i, hva\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var\u00f0ar, en ferli\u00f0 minnir \u00fe\u00f3 \u00f3neitanlega um margt \u00e1 sj\u00f6 \u00e1ra \u00ferautag\u00f6ngu \u00edslenskra stjarnv\u00edsindamanna, \u00e1\u00f0ur en henni lauk \u00e1ri\u00f0 1997, me\u00f0 fullri \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00cdslands \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2017\/09\/26\/tuttugu-gjoful-ar-med-norraena-stjornusjonaukanum\/\">samstarfinu um norr\u00e6na stj\u00f6rnusj\u00f3naukann \u00e1 La Palma<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Samningurinn vi\u00f0 <em>CERN<\/em> er enn \u00ed gildi og hann hefur gert \u00edslenskum e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum kleift a\u00f0 heims\u00e6kja stofnunina og dvelja \u00fear vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knir um lengri e\u00f0a skemmri t\u00edma. \u00de\u00e1 hefur hann gert \u00edslenskum e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inemum m\u00f6gulegt, a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/cernandsocietyfoundation.cern\/projects\/non-member-state-summer-student-programme\">s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum sumarsk\u00f3lum \u00ed \u00f6reindafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>B\u00e6jarins besta<\/em>, 6. September 2007: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/6231610\">Vinna hj\u00e1 einni fremstu ranns\u00f3knarmi\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0 heims<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Einn \u00feessara nemenda var gr\u00edsk-\u00edslenski e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn<a href=\"https:\/\/www.su.se\/english\/profiles\/koka7404-1.385270\"> Konstantinos A. Kastanas<\/a> (Axel Brj\u00e1nn Kastanas) sem lauk BS-pr\u00f3fi \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands \u00e1ri\u00f0 2006. Hann stunda\u00f0i framhaldsn\u00e1m vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Bergen \u00ed Noregi, \u00fear sem hann lauk <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uib.no\/nye-doktorgrader\/83358\/fra-monitorering-til-fysikk\">doktorspr\u00f3fi<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 2014 fyrir verkefni me\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/home.cern\/science\/experiments\/atlas\"><em>ATLAS<\/em><\/a>-nema <a href=\"https:\/\/home.cern\/science\/accelerators\/large-hadron-collider\">sterkeindahra\u00f0alsins mikla<\/a> (<em>LHC<\/em>) \u00ed <em>CERN<\/em>. Hann starfar n\u00fa sem kerfisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur vi\u00f0 e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ideild Stokkh\u00f3lmsh\u00e1sk\u00f3la.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Konstantinos A. Kastanas, 2014: <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1980114\/files\/CERN-THESIS-2014-212.pdf\">Monitoring and Measurements with the ATLAS Inner Detector and Search for Supersymmetry using ATLAS data<\/a>. Doktorsritger\u00f0.<\/li>\n<li>Konstantinos A. Kastanas: <a href=\"http:\/\/kth.diva-portal.org\/smash\/person.jsf?pid=authority-person%3A39706&amp;dswid=9415\">Ritaskr\u00e1<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Tilraunast\u00f6\u00f0in ISOLDE \u00ed CERN og \u00edslenskir e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00cd h\u00f3pi \u00feeirra, sem auk J.C. Jacobsens notu\u00f0u hringhra\u00f0alinn vi\u00f0 E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnunina \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma, var nemandi hans, kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn <a href=\"http:\/\/publ.royalacademy.dk\/backend\/web\/uploads\/2019-10-03\/AFL%204\/O_1990_00_00_1991_5193\/O_1990_02_00_1991_5187.pdf\">O. Kofoed-Hansen<\/a>. \u00c1 \u00e1runum kringum 1950 starfa\u00f0i verkfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn <a href=\"https:\/\/auhist.au.dk\/showroom\/oversigter\/nekrologer\/1996kon\">K.O. Nielsen<\/a> einnig vi\u00f0 stofnunina og vann me\u00f0al annars a\u00f0 h\u00f6nnun og sm\u00ed\u00f0i t\u00e6kis til a\u00f0 a\u00f0greina sams\u00e6tur. \u00deeir Kofoed-Hansen og Nielsen t\u00f3ku h\u00f6ndum saman og framkv\u00e6mdu \u00fdmsar tilraunir \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1950-51, \u00fear sem \u00feessi tv\u00f6 t\u00e6ki, hringhra\u00f0allinn og sams\u00e6tugreinirinn, voru samn\u00fdtt <a href=\"https:\/\/timeline.web.cern.ch\/kofoed-hansen-and-nielsen-produce-short-lived-radioactive-isotopes\">til a\u00f0 kanna vissa eiginleika skamml\u00edfra geislavirkra sams\u00e6ta<\/a>. Me\u00f0 \u00feessu l\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00feeir grunninn a\u00f0 t\u00e6kni, sem m\u00e6tti kalla hra\u00f0altengda sams\u00e6tugreiningu (on-line isotope seperation). \u00deessi t\u00e6kni \u00feeirra f\u00e9laga var flj\u00f3tlega \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0 frekar og hefur lengi veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 vi\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/home.cern\/science\/experiments\/isolde\">ISOLDE<\/a> (Isotope Separator On Line Device), eina af elstu tilraunast\u00f6\u00f0vum <em>CERN<\/em> (sj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/isolde.cern\/history\">s\u00f6gu ISOLDE<\/a>).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kofoed-Hansen, O. &amp; K.O. Nielsen, 1951: <a href=\"http:\/\/publ.royalacademy.dk\/backend\/web\/uploads\/2019-07-23\/AFL%202\/M_26_00_00_1950-1951_6351\/M_26_07_00_1951_1117.pdf\">Measurements on short-lived radioactive krypton isotopes from fission after isotopic separation<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Kofoed-Hansen, O., 1976: <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/286626\/files\/p65.pdf\">The Birth of the On-Line Isotope Seperation<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Riisager, K., 2002: <a href=\"https:\/\/cerncourier.com\/a\/radioactive-beam-research-notches-up-50-years\/\">Radioactive beam research notches up 50 years<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Cornell, J.C., 2004: <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.in2p3.fr\/in2p3-00919805v1\/document\">Radioactive ion beam facilities in Europe: current status and future development<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Hansen, P.G., 2009: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/10506890109411593?journalCode=gnpn20\">Experiments with Beams of Rare Isotopes: A Fifty-Year Perspective 1951-2001<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Schopper, H. &amp; Di Lella, L., 2015: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/worldscibooks\/10.1142\/9441#t=aboutBook\">60 Years of CERN Experiments and Discoveries<\/a>. Sj\u00e1 kaflann \u201eHighlights at ISOLDE\u201c, bls. 415-436.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Segja m\u00e1, a\u00f0 kjarni <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/On-Line_Isotope_Mass_Separator\">ISOLDE-st\u00f6\u00f0varinnar<\/a> s\u00e9 einskonar sams\u00e6tuverksmi\u00f0ja. H\u00fan tekur vi\u00f0 h\u00e1orku r\u00f3teindum \u00ed afm\u00f6rku\u00f0um sk\u00f6mmtum fr\u00e1 svok\u00f6llu\u00f0um <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton_Synchrotron_Booster\">PSB-hra\u00f0li<\/a>. S\u00e1 var upphaflega bygg\u00f0ur 1972 til a\u00f0 beina orkumiklum r\u00f3teindum inn \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton_Synchrotron\">r\u00f3teindahra\u00f0alinn<\/a> (<em>PS<\/em>), sem r\u00e6tt var um h\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan. S\u00fa innsp\u00fdting hj\u00e1lpar <em>PS<\/em> til a\u00f0 gefa r\u00f3teindunum enn h\u00e6rri orku en \u00e1\u00f0ur var m\u00f6gulegt. S\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fe\u00e1, hefur <em>PSB<\/em> einnig fengi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hlutverk a\u00f0 f\u00f3\u00f0ra a\u00f0rar st\u00f6\u00f0var me\u00f0 r\u00f3teindum, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al <em>ISOLDE<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deegar r\u00f3teindirnar koma inn \u00ed <em>ISOLDE<\/em>-st\u00f6\u00f0ina lenda \u00fe\u00e6r \u00ed \u00e1rekstri vi\u00f0 s\u00e9rvali\u00f0 skotmark og vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 myndast \u00fdmsar skamml\u00edfar geislavirkar sams\u00e6tur. S\u00e9rst\u00f6k t\u00e6kni a\u00f0greinir sams\u00e6turnar og beinir \u00e1 mismunandi sta\u00f0i \u00ed st\u00f6\u00f0inni. Hver \u00e1fangasta\u00f0ur f\u00e6r s\u00edna ger\u00f0 af sams\u00e6tum og \u00fear gera v\u00edsindamenn \u00e1 \u00feeim s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0ar tilraunir.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21063\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21063\" style=\"width: 424px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21063\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/isolde-300x184.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"424\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/isolde-300x184.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/isolde-768x471.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/isolde.jpg 772w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21063\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/op-webtools.web.cern.ch\/beamdoc\/psb\/STAGISO_1.4Gev\/psb_STAGISO_1.4Gev.php\">H\u00e9r<\/a> m\u00e1 finna n\u00e1nari sk\u00fdringar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, hva\u00f0 myndin s\u00fdnir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Me\u00f0al \u00feeirra mikilv\u00e6gu ranns\u00f3knarsvi\u00f0a, sem sty\u00f0jast vi\u00f0 <em>ISOLDE<\/em>, er <a href=\"https:\/\/espace.cern.ch\/ISOLDE-SSP\/default.aspx\">\u00fe\u00e9ttefnisfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>. \u00c1 \u00fev\u00ed svi\u00f0i fara til d\u00e6mis fram M\u00f6ssbauerm\u00e6lingar undir stj\u00f3rn <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/hpgunnlaugsson\/?originalSubdomain=dk\">Haralds P. Gunnlaugssonar<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma t\u00f3k Haraldur meistarapr\u00f3f vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands hj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2019\/08\/28\/orn-helgason-in-memoriam\/\">Erni Helgasyni<\/a> kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingi. S\u00ed\u00f0an f\u00f3r hann til Kaupmannahafnar, \u00fear sem hann lauk doktorspr\u00f3fi \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00e1ri\u00f0 1997, undir lei\u00f0s\u00f6gn <a href=\"https:\/\/nbi.ku.dk\/hhh\/jens_martin\/knudsen\/\">J.M. Knudsens<\/a>. Hann starfa\u00f0i s\u00ed\u00f0an v\u00f0 \u00c1r\u00f3sarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la og v\u00ed\u00f0ar og t\u00f3k me\u00f0al annars \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum tengdum Mars-f\u00f6runum <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars_Pathfinder\">Pathfinder<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars_Global_Surveyor\">Surveyor<\/a> og\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phoenix_(spacecraft)\">Phoenix<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Haraldur P. Gunnlaugsson, <em>Mbl<\/em>, 7. \u00e1g\u00fast 1994: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1811401\">Hulunni svipt af yfirbor\u00f0i Mars<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Haraldur P. Gunnlaugsson og \u00c1sgeir P\u00e9tursson, Mbl, 5. j\u00fal\u00ed 1997: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1882437\">Leyndarm\u00e1l Mars afhj\u00fapu\u00f0<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>DV<\/em>, 12. J\u00fal\u00ed 1997: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2956783\">Ha, \u00feetta var \u00fe\u00e1 h\u00e6gt!<\/a> Vi\u00f0tal vi\u00f0 Harald.<\/li>\n<li>Haraldur P\u00e1ll Gunnlaugsson, \u00d6rn Helgason, Le\u00f3 Kristj\u00e1nsson og Sigur\u00f0ur Stein\u00fe\u00f3rsson, 2004: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.raust.is\/2004\/2\/08\/raust2004-2-08.pdf\">Samanbur\u00f0ur M\u00f6ssbauerr\u00f3fa af bergi fr\u00e1 \u00cdslandi og Mars<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6rn Helgason og Haraldur P. Gunnlaugsson, 2004: <a href=\"http:\/\/raust.is\/2004\/2\/07\/raust2004-2-07.pdf\">Fyrstu M\u00f6ssbauerr\u00f3fin fr\u00e1 Mars og greining bergsteinda<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 12. \u00e1g\u00fast 2007: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4167829\">M\u00e6lir vindinn \u00e1 Mars<\/a>. Vi\u00f0tal vi\u00f0 Harald.<\/li>\n<li>Haraldur P. Gunnlaugsson: <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=Nq5Kt0sAAAAJ&amp;hl=da\">Ritaskr\u00e1<\/a> hj\u00e1 G<em>oogle Scholar<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Um nokkurt skei\u00f0 hefur Haraldur stj\u00f3rna\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/e-ms.web.cern.ch\/\">M\u00f6ssbauerm\u00e6lingum<\/a> \u00e1 geislavirkum sams\u00e6tum hj\u00e1 <em>ISOLDE<\/em>. A\u00f0 \u00feeim koma <a href=\"https:\/\/e-ms.web.cern.ch\/content\/collaborators\">\u00fdmsir v\u00edsindamenn<\/a>, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00fer\u00edr fr\u00e1 e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofu Raunv\u00edsindastofnunar H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans, \u00feau <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hi.is\/starfsfolk\/sveinol\">Sveinn \u00d3lafsson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.visindavefur.is\/svar.php?id=76286\">Hafli\u00f0i P. G\u00edslason<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hi.is\/starfsfolk\/bingcui\">Bingcui Qi<\/a>. \u00de\u00e1 stundar fyrrverandi doktorsnemi v\u00ed\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/torben-esmann-m%C3%B8lholt-phd-aa85a726\/?originalSubdomain=dk\">T.E. M\u00f8lholt<\/a>, einnig ranns\u00f3knir me\u00f0 h\u00f3pnum.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21062\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21062\" style=\"width: 451px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21062\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/ISOLDE_SveinnHalliPalli_Haflidi-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"451\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ISOLDE_SveinnHalliPalli_Haflidi-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ISOLDE_SveinnHalliPalli_Haflidi.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21062\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00cdslensku e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir fyrir utan <em>ISOLDE <\/em>tilraunast\u00f6\u00f0ina \u00ed <em>CERN<\/em> \u00e1ri\u00f0 2017. H\u00f6fu\u00f0paurinn, Haraldur P. Gunnlaugsson, stendur \u00ed mi\u00f0junni. Me\u00f0 honum eru Sveinn \u00d3lafsson (til vinstri) og Hafli\u00f0i P. G\u00edslason. Mynd \u00far safni S\u00d3.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-ms.web.cern.ch\/content\/publications\">Ritaskr\u00e1<\/a> M\u00f6ssbauerh\u00f3psins.<\/li>\n<li><em>Mbl<\/em>, 10. okt 2008: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mbl.is\/frettir\/taekni\/2008\/09\/10\/hatidarstemmning_vid_hradalinn\/\">Tilraunin tekur nokkur \u00e1r<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Deicher, M., 2002: <a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/577685\/files\/ep-2002-040.pdf\">Radioactive Isotopes in Solid-State Physics<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Johnston, K. &amp; fl., 2017: <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6471\/aa81ac\">The Solid State Physics Programme at ISOLDE: Recent Developments and Perspectives<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Til fr\u00f3\u00f0leiks m\u00e1 geta \u00feess h\u00e9r, a\u00f0 fyrstu notkun geislavirkra sams\u00e6ta \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum \u00ed \u00fe\u00e9ttefnisfr\u00e6\u00f0i m\u00e1 rekja til <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_de_Hevesy\">George de Hevesy<\/a>, eins af helstu samstarfsm\u00f6nnum N\u00edelsar Bohr \u00e1 upphafs\u00e1rum E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnunarinnar \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. \u00c1 \u00e1runum kringum 1920 nota\u00f0i hann geislavirkar bl\u00fdsams\u00e6tur til a\u00f0 kanna sveim at\u00f3ma \u00ed v\u00f6kvum og f\u00f6stum efnum. De Hevesy er jafnframt talinn \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/nbi.ku.dk\/english\/www\/george_\/de_hevesy\/del1\/\">fa\u00f0ir geislal\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0innar<\/a>\u201c.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>IAEA Bulletin<\/em>, mars 1965: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/publications\/magazines\/bulletin\/7-1\/professor-de-hevesy-traces-radioisotope-history\">Professor De Hevesy Traces Radioisotope History<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>Fri\u00f0samleg notkun kjarnorkunnar<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Ranns\u00f3knirnar sem framkv\u00e6mdar eru vi\u00f0 <em>ISOLDE<\/em> (og reyndar vi\u00f0 <em>CERN<\/em> \u00ed heild) eru sk\u00f3lab\u00f3kard\u00e6mi um fri\u00f0samlega notkun kjarnorku \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu v\u00edsindanna. R\u00e9tt er a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi, a\u00f0 ekki var almennt fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 nota or\u00f0alagi\u00f0 \u201efri\u00f0samleg notkun kjarnorku\u201c fyrr en eftir a\u00f0 kjarnorkusprengjunum haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 varpa\u00f0 \u00e1 Hiroshima og Nagasaki \u00ed \u00e1g\u00fast \u00e1ri\u00f0 1945 (sj\u00e1 kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2023\/03\/13\/niels-bohr-og-islendingar-iv-a-kjarnorka\/\">IVa<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Geislavirk efni h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 me\u00f0 margv\u00edslegum h\u00e6tti, allt fr\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radioactive_decay\">uppg\u00f6tvun \u00feeirra fyrir tilviljun \u00e1ri\u00f0 1896<\/a>. Me\u00f0al annars var flj\u00f3tlega fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00fdta \u00feau \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0i og landb\u00fana\u00f0i. A\u00f0gengi a\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radionuclide\">geislavirkum sams\u00e6tum<\/a> var lykilatri\u00f0i \u00ed allri hagn\u00fdtingu, en \u00fea\u00f0 var ekki fyrr en me\u00f0 tilkomu fyrstu <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyclotron\">hringhra\u00f0anna<\/a> \u00e1 fj\u00f3r\u00f0a \u00e1ratugi tuttugustu aldar, sem a\u00f0rir en \u00fatvaldir g\u00e1tu n\u00e1lgast \u00fe\u00e6r, \u00e1n n\u00e6r \u00f3yfirst\u00edganlegs kostna\u00f0ar. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed sambandi m\u00e1 nefna, a\u00f0 a\u00f0alhlutverk\u00a0 danska hringhra\u00f0alsins, sem tekinn var \u00ed gagni\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1938 (sj\u00e1 kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2023\/03\/13\/niels-bohr-og-islendingar-iv-a-kjarnorka\/\">IVa<\/a>) var a\u00f0 framlei\u00f0a geislavirkar sams\u00e6tur til nota \u00ed l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i. Hinar mikilv\u00e6gu ranns\u00f3knir E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnunar Bohrs me\u00f0 hra\u00f0linum voru \u00fear \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru s\u00e6ti. Hi\u00f0 sama gilti um flesta a\u00f0ra agnahra\u00f0la \u00e1 \u00feeim \u00e1rum, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum og Evr\u00f3pu.<\/p>\n<p>Framlei\u00f0sla \u00e1 geislavirkum sams\u00e6tum j\u00f3kst til muna me\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manhattan_Project\">Manhattan verkefninu<\/a> og tilkomu tengdra stofnana eins og ranns\u00f3knarst\u00f6\u00f0vanna \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanford_Engineer_Works\">Hanford<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory\">Oak Ridge<\/a> (sj\u00e1 einnig <a href=\"https:\/\/www.acs.org\/education\/whatischemistry\/landmarks\/radioisotopes.html\">h\u00e9r<\/a>) og <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montreal_Laboratory\">Kanada<\/a>. Einnig m\u00e1 segja, a\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_engineering\">kjarnorkuverkfr\u00e6\u00f0in<\/a>, me\u00f0 tilheyrandi \u00e1herslu \u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_nuclear_power\">orkuframlei\u00f0slu me\u00f0 kjarnaofnum<\/a>, hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 til \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum \u00e1 str\u00ed\u00f0s\u00e1runum. Eins og n\u00e1nar ver\u00f0ur komi\u00f0 inn \u00e1 h\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir, notu\u00f0u Bandar\u00edkin yfirbur\u00f0i s\u00edna \u00e1 \u00feessu svi\u00f0i, ekki a\u00f0eins til \u00fer\u00f3unar og framlei\u00f0slu <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_nuclear_weapons\">kjarnavopna<\/a>, heldur einnig til a\u00f0 auka \u00e1hrif s\u00edn erlendis \u00ed kalda str\u00ed\u00f0inu. \u00dear gegndi <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission\">Kjarnorkum\u00e1lanefnd Bandar\u00edkjanna<\/a>, sem stofnu\u00f0 var 1947, mikilv\u00e6gu hlutverki. Me\u00f0al annars haf\u00f0i nefndin fr\u00e1 upphafi yfirumsj\u00f3n me\u00f0 s\u00f6lu Bandar\u00edkjamanna \u00e1 geislavirkum sams\u00e6tum til annarra landa.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Creager, A.N.H., 2009: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2923454\/\">Radioisotopes as Political Instruments, 1946\u20131953<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>N\u00e6stu \u00e1rin eftir kjarnorku\u00e1r\u00e1sirnar \u00e1 Japan fj\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u00edslensk bl\u00f6\u00f0 og t\u00edmarit skiljanlega miki\u00f0 um kjarnorkum\u00e1l. Mest voru \u00feetta fr\u00e9ttir af tilraunasprengingum og kjarnorkuv\u00e1, alls konar v\u00edgb\u00fana\u00f0arstandi\u00a0 og kjarnorkuv\u00e6\u00f0ingu, sem og p\u00f3lit\u00edskum yfirl\u00fdsingum erlendra r\u00e1\u00f0amanna um kjarnorkum\u00e1l, fundum \u00feeirra og \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unum. Umr\u00e6\u00f0an bar oft auglj\u00f3s merki kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins, en talsvert var \u00fe\u00f3 birt af fr\u00e6\u00f0sluefni um kjarnorkuna og notkun hennar \u00ed fri\u00f0samlegum tilgangi. H\u00e9r eru nokkrar sl\u00edkar ritsm\u00ed\u00f0ar fr\u00e1 \u00e1runum 1945 til 1953:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bj\u00f6rn Franzson, 1945: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/6272650\">Hagn\u00fdting kjarnorkunnar.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u00d3skar B. Bjarnason, 1946: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5616894\">Kjarnorkan<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Sveinn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson, 1946: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4266118\">At\u00f3man og orka hennar I<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4266145\">II<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Lindhard, J. &amp; U. Ekman, 1946: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4763821\">Kjarnorkan \u00ed str\u00ed\u00f0i og fri\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Stein\u00fe\u00f3r Sigur\u00f0sson, 1946: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5456976\">Kjarnorka<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Trausti Einarsson, 1947: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4266525\">Kjarnorkan og vald mannsins yfir efninu<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Dietz, D., 1947: <a href=\"https:\/\/agbjarn.blog.is\/blog\/agbjarn\/entry\/635171\/\">Kjarnorka \u00e1 komandi t\u00edmum<\/a>. \u00c1g\u00fast H. Bjarnason (pr\u00f3fessor) \u00edslenska\u00f0i. Sj\u00e1 einnig greinina \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vatnsidnadur.net\/2020\/11\/09\/35264\/\">\u00c1rdagar kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0innar \u2013 Hver var hugsunin?<\/a> (2020) eftir \u00c1g\u00fast H. Bjarnason (verkfr\u00e6\u00f0ing).<\/li>\n<li>Calder, R, 1948: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4365688\">Leyndard\u00f3mar kjarnorkunnar<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Randall, J.S., 1949: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/3278751\">Kjarnorkan til l\u00e6kninga \u00e1 krabbameini<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Heilbrig\u00f0ism\u00e1l<\/em>, 1950: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/5044262\">At\u00f3morkul\u00e6kning \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Sveinn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson, 1950: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/4285185\">Hven\u00e6r koma at\u00f3morkuverin?<\/a><\/li>\n<li>T\u00edminn, 1950: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1010499\">Hagn\u00fdting kjarnorkunnar<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Lesb\u00f3k Morgunbla\u00f0sins<\/em>, 1950: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/3279258\">Kjarnageislanir \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu l\u00e6knav\u00edsinda<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d3skar B. Bjarnason, 1951: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2758972\">Orka og efni<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>V\u00edsir<\/em>, 1952: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1174238\">Geislavirk gerfiefni valda straumhv\u00f6rfum \u00ed l\u00e6knav\u00edsindum<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Lesb\u00f3k Morgunbla\u00f0sins<\/em>, 1953: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/3281189\">Notkun kjarnorkunnar<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>T\u00edmarit rafvirkja<\/em>, 1953: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/7753954\">Kjarnorka \u2013 Raforka<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nokkrar gagnlegar erlendar heimildir um kjarnorku, ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 henni og fri\u00f0samlega hagn\u00fdtingu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fried, M.I.,1976: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/publications\/magazines\/bulletin\/18-0\/historical-introduction-use-nuclear-techniques-food-and-agriculture\">Historical Introduction to the Use of Nuclear Techniques for Food and Agriculture<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Pais, A., 1986: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Inward-Bound-Matter-Forces-Physical\/dp\/0198519974\">Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Mould, R.F., 1993: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Century-X-Rays-Radioactivity-Medicine-Photographic\/dp\/0750302240\/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&amp;qid=&amp;sr=\">A Century of X-Rays and Radioactivity in Medicine: With Emphasis on Photographic Records of the Early Years<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Waltar, A.E., 2003: <a href=\"https:\/\/laradioactivite.com\/static\/659b4610219a463047e064804d7ac4d6\/Waltar.pdf\">The Medical, Agricultural, and Industrial Applications<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/laradioactivite.com\/static\/659b4610219a463047e064804d7ac4d6\/Waltar.pdf\"> of Nuclear Technology<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Creager, A.N.H., 2013: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=WdpAAAAAQBAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Life Atomic: A History of Radioisotopes in Science and Medicine<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Malley, M.C., 2011: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=UPnyfSr-wW8C&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Radioactivity: A History of a Mysterious Science<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Brown, M.A., 2018: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ans.org\/news\/article-2040\/the-long-lived-history-of-nuclear-medicine\/\">The Long-Lived History of Nuclear Medicine<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiometric_dating\">Radiometric Dating<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Atoms for Peace<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00c1 fyrstu \u00e1runum eftir lok s\u00ed\u00f0ari heimstyrjaldarinnar var t\u00e6knileg umr\u00e6\u00f0a um kjarnorkum\u00e1l frekar takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 vegna kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins. Fyrir utan nokkra h\u00f3pa \u00fatvaldra, var \u00feekking \u00e1 v\u00edsindalegum sm\u00e1atri\u00f0um um notkun \u00feessa n\u00fdja afls n\u00e6r hverfandi, enda l\u00e1gu kjarnorkuveldin \u00e1 sl\u00edkum uppl\u00fdsingum eins og ormar \u00e1 gulli og leyndarhyggjan var alltumlykjandi. \u00cd Bandar\u00edkjunum var\u00f0 l\u00edtil breyting \u00e1, \u00fe\u00f3tt yfirumsj\u00f3n kjarnorkum\u00e1la flyttist fr\u00e1 hernum til Kjarnorkum\u00e1lanefndarinnar \u00e1ri\u00f0 1947.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sherwin, M.J., 1973: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1858347?searchText=&amp;searchUri=&amp;ab_segments=&amp;searchKey=&amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3Ae82be25c145794ceff5d5de069c73512&amp;seq=1\">The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War: U.S. Atomic-Energy Policy and Diplomacy, 1941-45<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Paterson, T.G., 1986: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25162491?searchText=&amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Martin%2520J.%2520Sherwin%2522&amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_phrase_search%2Fcontrol&amp;searchKey=&amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A76122a246e1a5a60cb90bc7e6c2c6bea&amp;seq=1\">The Origins of the Cold War<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Herken, G., 1980: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3639304?seq=1\">&#8220;A Most Deadly Illusion&#8221;: The Atomic Secret and American Nuclear Weapons Policy, 1945-1950<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c1ri\u00f0 1953 marka\u00f0i hins vegar \u00fe\u00e1ttaskil \u00ed \u00feessum m\u00e1lum. Um \u00fea\u00f0 bil \u00e1ri eftir a\u00f0 hann t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 emb\u00e6tti Bandar\u00edkjaforseta af <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harry_S._Truman\">H.S. Truman<\/a>, h\u00e9lt <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dwight_D._Eisenhower\">D. D. Eisenhower<\/a> merka r\u00e6\u00f0u \u00e1 alsherjar\u00feingi Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna. \u00cd r\u00e6\u00f0unni, sem haldin var 8. desember 1953, setti hann fram hugmyndir s\u00ednar um fri\u00f0samlega notkun kjarnorkunnar, mannkyninu til heilla. Jafnframt lofa\u00f0i hann \u00feingheimi, a\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkin myndu framfylgja \u00feeim eftir bestu getu, ef \u00feau fengju til \u00feess stu\u00f0ning annarra r\u00edkja, ekki s\u00edst Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna. Fr\u00e9ttir af r\u00e6\u00f0unni f\u00f3ru eins og eldur \u00ed sinu um heim allan og hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i Eisenhowers var n\u00e6r samstundis gefi\u00f0 nafni\u00f0 \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atoms_for_Peace\">Atoms for Peace<\/a>\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Hugmyndir Eisenhowers voru \u00ed meginatri\u00f0um \u00fe\u00e6r, a\u00f0 kjarnorkuveldin, ekki s\u00edst Bandar\u00edkin og Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin, \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 sameinast um \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 gefa hluta af birg\u00f0um s\u00ednum af \u00farani og \u00f6\u00f0rum kjarnkleyfum efnum til s\u00e9rstakrar al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astofnunar, sem komi\u00f0 yr\u00f0i \u00e1 f\u00f3t \u00e1 vegum Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna. Stofnunin s\u00e6i um a\u00f0 geyma efnin \u00e1 \u00f6ruggum sta\u00f0 og t\u00e6ki jafnframt a\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 dreifa \u00feeim til annarra r\u00edkja til fri\u00f0samlegrar notkunar, me\u00f0al annars \u00ed landb\u00fana\u00f0i og l\u00e6knav\u00edsindum, en ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur til raforkuframlei\u00f0slu.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21061\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21061\" style=\"width: 592px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21061\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/Eisenhower_AfP_8des1953-300x169.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"592\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Eisenhower_AfP_8des1953-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Eisenhower_AfP_8des1953-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Eisenhower_AfP_8des1953-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Eisenhower_AfP_8des1953-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Eisenhower_AfP_8des1953.jpeg 1882w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 592px) 100vw, 592px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21061\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Myndin s\u00fdnir Eisenhower halda hina fr\u00e6gu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/about\/history\/atoms-for-peace-speech\">Atoms for Peace<\/a> r\u00e6\u00f0u \u00e1 a\u00f0al\u00feingi <em>Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna<\/em>, hinn 8. desember 1953. H\u00e9r m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/multimedia\/videos\/atoms-peace-speech\">myndband af \u00feeim atbur\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0in h\u00e9r heima vi\u00f0 till\u00f6gum Eisenhowers er au\u00f0veldast a\u00f0 kanna me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 lesa umfj\u00f6llun dagbla\u00f0anna:<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>desember:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Mbl<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1292059\">R\u00e6\u00f0a Eisenhowers \u00ed g\u00e6r \u2013 Alltaf rei\u00f0ub\u00fanir a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00fatilokun at\u00f3mvopna \u2013 Koma \u00fearf \u00e1 f\u00f3t al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astofnun til fri\u00f0samlegrar hagn\u00fdtingar at\u00f3morku<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0v<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2765588\">\u00cd kjarnorkustyrj\u00f6ld yr\u00f0i enginn sigurvegari \u2013 H\u00f3tun um gj\u00f6rey\u00f0ingu og tillaga um kjarnorkustofnun S\u00de \u00ed r\u00e6\u00f0u Eisenhowers<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Al\u00febl<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1096972\">Eisenhower vill al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0akjarnorkustofnun me\u00f0 a\u00f0ild R\u00fassa \u2013 H\u00fan l\u00fati yfirstj\u00f3rn sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna og stefni a\u00f0 fri\u00f0samlegum notum<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>T\u00edminn<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1019605\">R\u00e6\u00f0a Eisenhowers um kjarnorkum\u00e1lin \u2013 Leggur til al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega ranns\u00f3kn um fri\u00f0samlega notkun kjarnorku<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>V\u00edsir<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1178224\">Till\u00f6gur Eisenhowers \u00ed kjarnorkum\u00e1lum lei\u00f0 \u00far \u00f6ng\u00feveitinu \u2013 R\u00e6\u00f0u hans \u00e1 allsherjar\u00feinginu vel teki\u00f0<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li>desember:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Mbl<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1292075\">R\u00e6\u00f0a Eisenhowers f\u00e6r pr\u00fd\u00f0isvi\u00f0t\u00f6kur \u2013 Thor Thors a\u00f0alfulltr\u00fai \u00cdslands hj\u00e1 S.\u00de.: \u201e\u00deetta var mikilfengleg r\u00e6\u00f0a\u201c<\/a>. Einnig ritstj\u00f3rnargrein: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1292082\">Kjarnorkan \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu fri\u00f0ar<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0v<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2765600\">Andv\u00edgir Eisenhower<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>T\u00edminn<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1019613\">R\u00e6\u00f0u Eisenhowers hvarvetna vel fagna\u00f0 vestan hafs \u2013 Einkum er tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 tillaga hans um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega kjarnorkustofnun s\u00e9 mikils v\u00edsir<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>V\u00edsir<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1178232\">R\u00fassar hafna samvinnu \u00e1 svi\u00f0i kjarnorkum\u00e1la \u2013 Segja Eisenhower hafa h\u00f3ta\u00f0 kjarnorkustyrj\u00f6ld \u2013 Till\u00f6gum hans fagna\u00f0 af frj\u00e1lsum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um<\/a>. Einnig ritstj\u00f3rnargrein: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1178235\">Lei\u00f0 \u00fat \u00far \u00f3g\u00f6ngum<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"11\">\n<li>desember:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Mbl<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1292091\">Sendur \u00e1 fund R\u00fassastj\u00f3rnar<\/a>. Einnig ritstj\u00f3rnargrein: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1292098\">Be\u00f0i\u00f0 eftir svari R\u00fassa<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0v<\/em>: Heils\u00ed\u00f0ugrein eftir J\u00f3hannes \u00far K\u00f6tlum: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2765618\">Amer\u00edskur heimsfri\u00f0ur \u2013 Dollaravaldi\u00f0 ekki til vi\u00f0tals nema einokunarstefna \u00feess s\u00e9 l\u00f6g\u00f0 til grundvallar framt\u00ed\u00f0arskipan heimsins<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Al\u00febl<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1096988\">Daufar undirtektir R\u00fassa<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>T\u00edminn<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1019621\">Yfirl\u00fdsing R\u00fassa um r\u00e6\u00f0u Eisenhowers: Str\u00ed\u00f0s\u00e6singar og h\u00f3tun um kjarnorkustyrj\u00f6ld!<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"12\">\n<li>desember:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Mbl<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1292107\">Molotov spur\u00f0ur hvort hann vilji fri\u00f0samlegt samstarf \u2013 Ekkert svar heyrist enn \u00fe\u00e1 fr\u00e1 R\u00fassum vi\u00f0 till\u00f6gu Eisenhowers<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>T\u00edminn<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1019629\">Bohlen r\u00e6ddi vi\u00f0 Molotov \u00ed g\u00e6r<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"13\">\n<li>desember:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0v<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2765647\">Ver\u00f0ur gaumg\u00e6filega athuga\u00f0<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>T\u00edminn<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1019641\">R\u00fassar \u00edhuga kjarnorkutill\u00f6gur Eisenhowers<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 af fr\u00e9ttaflutningnum, var till\u00f6gum Eisenhowers fagna\u00f0 mj\u00f6g \u00e1 Vesturl\u00f6ndum, en formleg sv\u00f6r sov\u00e9tskra r\u00e1\u00f0amanna l\u00e9tu \u00e1 s\u00e9r standa. \u00deegar \u00feeir loksins h\u00f6f\u00f0u samband vi\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkjastj\u00f3rn, settu \u00feeir margv\u00edsleg skilyr\u00f0i fyrir \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku, sem kr\u00f6f\u00f0ust \u00edtarlegra og langdreginna \u00a0vi\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0na.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 fl\u00e6kti og m\u00e1lin talsvert \u00ed upphafi, a\u00f0 innan bandar\u00edska stj\u00f3rnkerfisins vissu tilt\u00f6lulega f\u00e1ir fyrirfram, hva\u00f0 Eisenhower \u00e6tla\u00f0i a\u00f0 fjalla um \u00e1 alsherjar\u00feinginu. Flestir \u00feeirra, sem s\u00e1u um kjarnorkum\u00e1lin, komu algj\u00f6rlega af fj\u00f6llum, \u00feegar \u00feeir fr\u00e9ttu af innihaldi r\u00e6\u00f0unnar. Flj\u00f3tlega kom svo \u00ed lj\u00f3s, a\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkin voru langt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera tilb\u00fain a\u00f0 takast \u00e1 vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r skuldbindingar sem Eisenhower haf\u00f0i lofa\u00f0 \u00feingheimi Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna. Af \u00fev\u00ed leiddi, a\u00f0 frekari tafir voru \u00f3umfl\u00fdjanlegar. Ekki b\u00e6tti \u00far sk\u00e1k, a\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Castle_Bravo\">vetnissprengjutilraun Bandar\u00edkjamanna \u00e1 Kyrrahafseyjunni Bikini, 1. mars 1954<\/a>, haf\u00f0i \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegt <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_fallout\">geislavirkt \u00farfelli<\/a>, sem olli \u00f3tta og skelfingu v\u00ed\u00f0a um heim og vakti jafnframt tortryggni \u00ed gar\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkjastj\u00f3rnar.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21144 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/Dove-with-bomb-243x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"342\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Dove-with-bomb-243x300.jpg 243w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Dove-with-bomb.jpg 493w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 342px) 100vw, 342px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Mbl<\/em>, 17. mars 1954: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1293427\">120 km fr\u00e1 sprengista\u00f0<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0v<\/em>, 17. mars, 1954: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2766616\">Fiskiskip farast \u00ed vetnissprengingu<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>T\u00edminn<\/em>, 18. mars 1954: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1020377\">Fiskimenn h\u00e1rlausir og brenndir, fiskurinn eitra\u00f0ur<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Al\u00febl<\/em>, 21. mars 1954:<a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1098408\"> L\u00edtil von um a\u00f0 n\u00fdta vetnissprengjuna \u00ed fri\u00f0samlegum tilgangi<\/a>. Vi\u00f0tal vi\u00f0 \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson.<\/li>\n<li>Thirring, H., 2. j\u00fal\u00ed 1954: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1294803\">Geislavirkt ryk fr\u00e1 frumeindaverksmi\u00f0jum er jafn\u00e6gilegt og kjarnorkusprengjur<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Eftir miki\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3f n\u00e1\u00f0ist loks samkomulag vi\u00f0 Sov\u00e9tmenn um fri\u00f0samlega notkun kjarnorkunnar, hinn 23. n\u00f3vember 1954. \u00c1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um a\u00f0 setja \u00e1 laggirnar al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega kjarnorkum\u00e1lastofnun var s\u00ed\u00f0an sam\u00feykkt formlega \u00e1 alsherjar\u00feingi Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna, 4. desember 1954. Nokkru seinna var svo \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 halda al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega r\u00e1\u00f0stefnu um fri\u00f0samlega notkun kjarnorkunnar sumari\u00f0 1955.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mbl, 24. n\u00f3v 1954: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1296879\">Kjarnorka til fri\u00f0ar\u00fearfa<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0v, 24. n\u00f3v 1954: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2769092\">St\u00f3rveldin koma s\u00e9r saman um stofnun kjarnorkubanka<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0v, 25. n\u00f3v 1954: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2769105\">Stofnun kjarnorkubanka getur marka\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1ttaskil<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00edminn, 16. des 1954: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1022288\">R\u00e1\u00f0stefna um notkun kjarnorku \u00ed fri\u00f0ar\u00fe\u00e1gu<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Wendt, G. A., des. 1954: <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000070465\/PDF\/070464engo.pdf.multi.nameddest=70465\">A Turning Point<\/a>. \u00cd <em>CERN Courier <\/em>heftinu <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000070464\">The Promise of Atomic Power<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Strax \u00ed desemberm\u00e1nu\u00f0i 1953 h\u00f3f Bandar\u00edkjastj\u00f3rn mikla \u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ursherfer\u00f0, sem \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0inu snerist eing\u00f6ngu um notkun kjarnorku \u00ed fri\u00f0samlegum tilgangi og almenna fr\u00e6\u00f0slu um \u00feau m\u00e1l. Herfer\u00f0inni var me\u00f0al annars \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 vega upp \u00e1 m\u00f3ti st\u00f6\u00f0ugum p\u00f3lit\u00edskum pr\u00e9dikunum Sov\u00e9tmanna um fri\u00f0 \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0u og bann vi\u00f0 kjarnorkuvopnum, nokku\u00f0 sem Bandar\u00edkjastj\u00f3rn haf\u00f0i litla tr\u00fa \u00e1, a\u00f0 v\u00e6ri anna\u00f0 en \u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur til stu\u00f0nings heimsvaldastefnu komm\u00fanista. S\u00ed\u00f0ar kom reyndar \u00ed lj\u00f3s, a\u00f0 \u00fdmislegt anna\u00f0 en fri\u00f0samleg notkun kjarnorkunnar h\u00e9kk \u00e1 \u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0urssp\u00fdtu Bandar\u00edkjamanna sj\u00e1lfra, en frekari umr\u00e6\u00f0u um \u00fea\u00f0 efni ver\u00f0ur sleppt h\u00e9r vegna pl\u00e1ssleysis (sj\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 heimildaskr\u00e1na h\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir).<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1r\u00f3\u00f0ursherfer\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkjamanna var marg\u00fe\u00e6tt. Fyrir utan p\u00f3lit\u00edsk samskipti vi\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0amenn annarra landa, b\u00e6klingaskrif, bla\u00f0a- og t\u00edmaritsgreinar og fr\u00e9ttatilkynningar, l\u00e9tu bandar\u00edsk yfirv\u00f6ld framlei\u00f0a fj\u00f6lda kvikmynda um notkun kjarnorkunnar \u00ed fri\u00f0samlegum tilgangi. \u00de\u00e6r voru s\u00fdndar v\u00ed\u00f0a um l\u00f6nd, me\u00f0al annars \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Jafnframt var sett af sta\u00f0 farands\u00fdning um kjarnorkum\u00e1l, sem \u00e1 endanum kom til \u00cdslands \u00ed \u00e1rsbyrjun 1956. \u00de\u00e1 var l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1hersla \u00e1 a\u00f0 koma \u00e1 f\u00f3t j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um samskiptum vi\u00f0 erlenda v\u00edsindamenn og stofnanir,\u00a0 til d\u00e6mis me\u00f0 heimbo\u00f0um, styrkjum og t\u00e6kja- og b\u00f3kagj\u00f6fum.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd tilefni <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24943753\">fyrstu al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu r\u00e1\u00f0stefnunnar um fri\u00f0samlega notkun kjarnorkunnar<\/a> \u00ed Gefn \u00ed \u00e1g\u00fast 1955 (sj\u00e1 <u>kafla IVc<\/u>) g\u00e1fu Bandar\u00edkjamenn me\u00f0al annars \u00fat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cns-snc.ca\/media\/uploads\/Peaceful%20Uses%20of%20Atomic%20Energy%20USA%20Dept%20of%20State%20June%201955.pdf\">b\u00e6kling<\/a> og flott <a href=\"https:\/\/digital.sciencehistory.org\/works\/2boskba\">fr\u00edmerki<\/a> me\u00f0 einkunnaror\u00f0um, sem tekin voru \u00far desemberr\u00e6\u00f0u Eisenhowers \u00e1ri\u00f0 1953: <em>\u00a0\u201eTo find the way by which the &#8230; inventiveness of man shall &#8230; be &#8230; consecrated to his life.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21057 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/atoms-for-peace-stamp1-300x188.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"462\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/atoms-for-peace-stamp1-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/atoms-for-peace-stamp1.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 462px) 100vw, 462px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hewlett, R.G., J.M. Holl &amp; R.M. Anders, 1989: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2013\/08\/f2\/HewlettandHollAtomsforPeaceandWarComplete.pdf\">Atoms for Peace and War, 1953-1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Medhurst, M.J., 1997: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/45347286?searchText=&amp;searchUri=&amp;ab_segments=&amp;searchKey=&amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A9a9a65d5426032c8880532168d7ff96f&amp;seq=1\">Atoms for Peace and Nuclear Hegemony: The Rhetorical Structure of a Cold War Campaign<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Krige, J., 1999: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/27757813.pdf\">The Ford Foundation, European Physics and the Cold War<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Brooks, J., 2000: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/19774\/OP278.pdf\">When the Cold War did not End: The Soviet Peace Offensive of 1953 and the American Response<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Chernus, I., 2002: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=9HUEO7ms6moC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">Eisenhower&#8217;s Atoms for Peace<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Weiss, L., 2003: <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2968\/059006009\">Atoms for Peace<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Lavoy, P.R., 2003: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/act\/2003_12\/Lavoy\">The Enduring Effects of Atoms for Peace<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Krige, J., 2006: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1086\/507140\">Atoms for Peace, Scientific Internationalism, and Scientific Intelligence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Krige, J., 2006: <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=Oekybw092moC&amp;hl=is&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Krige, J., 2008: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1525\/hsns.2008.38.1.5#metadata_info_tab_contents\">The Peaceful Atom as Political Weapon: Euratom and American Foreign Policy in the Late 1950s<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Heymann &amp; J. Martin-Nielsen, 2013: <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1600-0498.12026\">Perspectives on Cold War Science in Small European States<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Varnum, J., 2014: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neimagazine.com\/features\/feature60-years-of-atoms-for-peace-4164653\/\">60 Years of Atoms for Peace<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Hicks, J. 2014: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencehistory.org\/distillations\/atoms-for-peace-the-mixed-legacy-of-eisenhowers-nuclear-gambit\">Atoms for Peace: The Mixed Legacy of Eisenhower\u2019s Nuclear Gambit<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Drogan, M., 2016: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26376813?seq=1\">The Nuclear Imperative: Atoms for Peace and the Development of U.S. Policy on Exporting Nuclear Power, 1953-1955<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>R\u00famlega tveimur og h\u00e1lfu \u00e1ri eftir a\u00f0 alsherjar\u00feing Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna sam\u00feykkti a\u00f0 setja hana \u00e1 f\u00f3t, var <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency\">Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a kjarnorkum\u00e1lastofnunin<\/a> loks stofnu\u00f0 \u00ed j\u00fal\u00ed 1957. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/about\/overview\">H\u00fan starfar enn<\/a> og gegnir mikilv\u00e6gu hlutverki sem umr\u00e6\u00f0uvettvangur a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjanna og eftirlitsa\u00f0ili \u00feeirra me\u00f0 fri\u00f0samlegri notkun kjarnorku \u00e1 jar\u00f0arkringlunni. Hugmynd Eisenhowers um birg\u00f0ast\u00f6\u00f0 fyrir kjarnkleyf efni var\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 aldrei a\u00f0 veruleika, en stofnunin t\u00f3k hins vegar a\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 vera millig\u00f6ngua\u00f0ili fyrir dreifingu \u00e1 sl\u00edkum efnum, sem og t\u00e6knilegum uppl\u00fdsingum um kjarnorkum\u00e1l. \u00cdsland hefur \u00e1tt a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 stofnuninni fr\u00e1 upphafi og noti\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0s af.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fisher, D., 1997: <a href=\"https:\/\/www-pub.iaea.org\/MTCD\/publications\/PDF\/Pub1032_web.pdf\">History of the International Atomic Energy Agency: The First Forty Years<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cd vissum skilningi m\u00e1 segja, a\u00f0 me\u00f0 tilkomu Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a kjarnorkum\u00e1lastofnunarinnar hafi Niels Bohr loks fengi\u00f0 a\u00f0 upplifa \u00e1rangur af langri b\u00e1r\u00e1ttu sinni fyrir fri\u00f0samlegri notkun kjarnorkunnar og opnum samskiptum um kjarnorkum\u00e1l. R\u00e1\u00f0amenn \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum \u00e1ttu\u00f0u sig flj\u00f3tlega \u00e1 mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 n\u00fdta s\u00e9r nafn hans \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi og \u00feremur m\u00e1nu\u00f0um eftir a\u00f0 kjarnorkum\u00e1lastofnunin var sett \u00e1 laggirnar f\u00e9kk Bohr hin n\u00fdstofnu\u00f0u fri\u00f0arver\u00f0laun, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atoms_for_Peace_Award\">Atoms for Peace Award<\/a>, fyrstur manna.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21058\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21058\" style=\"width: 429px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21058\" src=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/files\/2023\/04\/Award_1957_Bohr-300x212.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"429\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Award_1957_Bohr-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Award_1957_Bohr-768x542.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Award_1957_Bohr.jpg 1023w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 429px) 100vw, 429px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21058\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Niels Bohr tekur vi\u00f0 kjarnorkufri\u00f0ar-ver\u00f0laununum \u00far hendi\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/libraries.mit.edu\/mithistory\/institute\/offices\/office-of-the-mit-president\/james-rhyne-killian-1904-1988\/\">J.R. Killians<\/a>, r\u00e1\u00f0gjafa Eisenhowers Bandar\u00edkaforseta, vi\u00f0 h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0lega ath\u00f6fn \u00ed h\u00f6fu\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0vum <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasonline.org\/\">Bandar\u00edsku v\u00edsindaakadem\u00edunnar<\/a>, 24. okt\u00f3ber 1957. Hann var \u00fe\u00e1 n\u00fdor\u00f0inn 72 \u00e1ra. Forsetinn stendur kampak\u00e1tur \u00ed mi\u00f0junni. H\u00e9r m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/documents\/remarks-the-presentation-professor-niels-henrik-david-bohr-the-first-atoms-for-peace-award\">\u00e1varp hans<\/a> vi\u00f0 \u00feetta t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri og einnig <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=aJ1jGiCK7Zw\">stutta kvikmynd<\/a> af afhendingunni.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><em>T\u00edminn<\/em>, 25. okt\u00f3ber 1957: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1031113\">A\u00f0 s\u00e9rhver n\u00e1i fullum \u00feroska, \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera sameiginleg stefna allra r\u00edkja<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, 29. okt\u00f3ber 1957: <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1312785\">Niels Bohr s\u00e6mdur hinum ver\u00f0m\u00e6tu kjarnorku-fri\u00f0arver\u00f0launum<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cd n\u00e6sta kafla (<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">IVc<\/span>) ver\u00f0ur me\u00f0al annars fjalla\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0, hvernig kalda str\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0, frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i Eisenhowers \u00e1ri\u00f0 1953 og \u00fe\u00f3 s\u00e9rstaklega Genfarr\u00e1\u00f0stefnan 1955, m\u00f6rku\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e1ttaskil \u00ed s\u00f6gu raunv\u00edsinda h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. R\u00e1\u00f0stefnan setti af sta\u00f0 atbur\u00f0ar\u00e1s, sem leiddi strax til stofnunar <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2773916?iabr=on#page\/n2\/mode\/1up\">Kjarnfr\u00e6\u00f0anefndar \u00cdslands<\/a> og innan tveggja \u00e1ra til\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1029394\">s\u00e9rstakrar geislam\u00e6lingastofu og n\u00fds pr\u00f3fessorsemb\u00e6ttis \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands<\/a>. Geislam\u00e6lingastofan breyttist svo flj\u00f3tlega \u00ed <em>E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans<\/em>, sem nokkrum \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar var\u00f0 kj\u00f6lfestan \u00ed <em>Raunv\u00edsindastofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans<\/em>. A\u00f0 \u00feessari \u00fer\u00f3un st\u00f3\u00f0 h\u00f3pur \u00farvalsmanna me\u00f0 kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0inginn \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson \u00ed broddi fylkingar.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/2023\/01\/16\/niels-bohr-og-islendingar-i-inngangur-og-efnisyfirlit\/\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Til baka \u00ed efnisyfirliti\u00f0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Efnisyfirlit \u00deegar hinn \u00fer\u00edtugi kjarne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur, \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Sigurgeirsson, kom heim fr\u00e1 Bandar\u00edkjunum hausti\u00f0 1947 (sj\u00e1 kafla IVa) haf\u00f0i hann teki\u00f0 endanlega \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 h\u00e9r skildi hann framvegis b\u00faa og starfa. Segja m\u00e1, a\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feeirri \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un hafi ranns\u00f3knarandinn fr\u00e1 E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnuninni \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn fyrir alv\u00f6ru n\u00e1\u00f0 a\u00f0 teygja sig til \u00cdslands. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00deorbj\u00f6rn hafi einnig [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,5,17,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21072","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-edlisfraedi","category-efnafraedi","category-tuttugasta-og-fyrsta-oldin","category-tuttugasta-oldin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21072","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=21072"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21072\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=21072"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=21072"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=21072"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}