{"id":2214,"date":"2017-11-22T17:57:24","date_gmt":"2017-11-22T17:57:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/?p=2214"},"modified":"2017-11-22T17:57:24","modified_gmt":"2017-11-22T17:57:24","slug":"eyjolfur-jonsson-fyrsti-islenski-stjornufraedingurinn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/?p=2214","title":{"rendered":"Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson: Fyrsti \u00edslenski stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn"},"content":{"rendered":"

Uppl\u00fdsingarma\u00f0urinn Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson<\/a> ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 teljast fyrsti eiginlegi stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingur \u00cdslendinga. Hann lauk gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ipr\u00f3fi fr\u00e1 Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00ed \u00e1rslok 1766 og var s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0sto\u00f0arstj\u00f6rnumeistari \u00ed stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0inni \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni \u00ed nokkur \u00e1r. \u00dear hlaut hann \u00fej\u00e1lfun \u00ed notkun m\u00e6lit\u00e6kja og margv\u00edslegum stjarnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum \u00fatreikningum. Vori\u00f0 1770 sneri hann aftur til \u00cdslands sem ritari landsnefndarinnar fyrri<\/a> og jafnframt var honum \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6ma stjarnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar athuganir og m\u00e6lingar. Eyj\u00f3lfur var svo skipa\u00f0ur konunglegur stj\u00f6rnumeistari \u00e1 \u00cdslandi 1772, en bar hann \u00feann titil a\u00f0eins \u00ed \u00ferj\u00fa \u00e1r, \u00fev\u00ed hann d\u00f3 \u00far berklum fertugur a\u00f0 aldri sumari\u00f0 1775.<\/p>\n

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Hluti af uppdr\u00e6tti Rasmusar Lievog<\/a> af Reykjav\u00edkurkaupsta\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1787. Landsnefndin haf\u00f0i a\u00f0setur \u00ed tugth\u00fasinu (n\u00fa Stj\u00f3rnarr\u00e1\u00f0sh\u00fasinu<\/a>) \u00e1 Arnarh\u00f3li 1770-71 og Eyj\u00f3lfur bj\u00f3 \u00fear \u00e1fram til dau\u00f0adags. \u00c1 kortinu er tugth\u00fasi\u00f0 st\u00f3ra byggingin ne\u00f0st \u00e1 gr\u00e6na blettinum h\u00e6gra megin.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cd erindisbr\u00e9fum Eyj\u00f3lfs er teki\u00f0 fram, hvers konar verkefnum honum var \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 sinna h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, en vegna skorts \u00e1 heimildum er \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00edti\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 vita\u00f0, hvernig til t\u00f3kst. Til skamms t\u00edma var tali\u00f0, a\u00f0 hi\u00f0 sama \u00e6tti vi\u00f0 um st\u00f6rf hans \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fi loknu. \u00c1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1rum hefur leit a\u00f0 frekari g\u00f6gnum um Eyj\u00f3lf hins vegar leitt \u00fdmisleg fr\u00f3\u00f0legt \u00ed lj\u00f3s og a\u00f0 hluta lyft hulunni af m\u00e6lingum hans \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni. \u00cd \u00feessari f\u00e6rslu ver\u00f0ur me\u00f0al annars fjalla\u00f0 um \u00feessar n\u00fdju uppl\u00fdsingar.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 lokum ver\u00f0ur r\u00e6tt stuttlega um fimm s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rin \u00ed l\u00edfi Eyj\u00f3lfs og tilraunir hans til a\u00f0 stunda stj\u00f6rnuathuganir h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1ms\u00e1rin \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Eyj\u00f3lfur h\u00f3f n\u00e1m vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed \u00e1rsbyrjun 1763 og lauk sk\u00f6mmu s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00f6\u00f0ru l\u00e6rd\u00f3mspr\u00f3fi (examen philosophicum) me\u00f0 miklum \u00e1g\u00e6tum. Hann hlaut svo l\u00e1rvi\u00f0argr\u00e1\u00f0u i heimspeki (baccalaureus philosophiae) \u00ed j\u00fal\u00ed 1765. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed loknu t\u00f3k gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0in vi\u00f0, sem lauk me\u00f0 emb\u00e6ttispr\u00f3fi \u00ed \u00e1rslok 1766.<\/p>\n

Helstu kennarar Eyj\u00f3lfs \u00ed n\u00e1tt\u00farufr\u00e6\u00f0i (\u00fe.e. e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i) og st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistum (\u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i) voru allir undir mj\u00f6g sterkum \u00e1hrifum fr\u00e1 hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i Christians Wolff<\/a>. \u00deeir voru Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein<\/a>, Christen Hee<\/a> og Christian Horrebow<\/a>.\u00a0 Kratzenstein kenndi n\u00e1tt\u00farufr\u00e6\u00f0ina og hluta af hagn\u00fdttri st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i samkv\u00e6mt kennslub\u00f3k Wolffs (um Wolff og kennslub\u00e6kur hans \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i m\u00e1 lesa h\u00e9r<\/a>, og\u00a0h\u00e9rna<\/a> er fjalla\u00f0 er um Kratzenstein og kennslu hans \u00ed n\u00e1tt\u00farufr\u00e6\u00f0i). Hee kenndi hreina st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1samt Horrebow, sem einnig kenndi stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ina.<\/p>\n

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Kennslub\u00f3k Christians Horrebow \u00ed stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i kom fyrst \u00fat 1762. Myndin s\u00fdnir fors\u00ed\u00f0u annarrar \u00fatg\u00e1fu fr\u00e1 1783. Tengill \u00ed b\u00f3kina er h\u00e9r<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c1 \u00feessum t\u00edma voru \u00fdmsir \u00feekktir \u00cdslendingar vi\u00f0 n\u00e1m e\u00f0a st\u00f6rf \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn, svo sem Hannes Finnsson<\/a>, Sk\u00fali Thorlacius<\/a>, Stef\u00e1n Bj\u00f6rnsson<\/a> og J\u00f3n \u00d3lafsson Svefneyingur<\/a>. \u00deeir \u00fer\u00edr s\u00ed\u00f0astnefndu st\u00f3\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e1, \u00e1samt Eyj\u00f3lfi og \u00fdmsum \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00cdslendingum, a\u00f0 hinu \u00feekkta br\u00e6\u00f0ralagi, S\u00f6kum<\/a>, \u00fear sem Eyj\u00f3lfur var um t\u00edma \u00f6ldungur (a\u00f0alma\u00f0ur). \u00deessi \u00e1g\u00e6ti f\u00e9lagsskapur lag\u00f0ist endanlega af, \u00feegar Hi\u00f0 \u00edslenska l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistaf\u00e9lag<\/a> var stofna\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1779, enda var hann aldrei mj\u00f6g umsvifamikill \u00e1 menningarsvi\u00f0inu.<\/p>\n

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Kort af Kaupmannah\u00f6fn, h\u00f6fu\u00f0borg \u00cdslands, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1770.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson var \u00ed miklum metum hj\u00e1 l\u00f6ndum s\u00ednum \u00ed H\u00f6fn og eins heima \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Sem d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 nefna, a\u00f0 hann var ekki b\u00fainn a\u00f0 vera lengi \u00ed H\u00e1sk\u00f3lanum, \u00feegar Magn\u00fas G\u00edslason<\/a> amtma\u00f0ur og fyrrum yfirma\u00f0ur hans vi\u00f0 byggingu Bessasta\u00f0astofu og Nesstofu, ger\u00f0i tilraun til a\u00f0 tryggja honum styrk til n\u00e1ms vi\u00f0 n\u00e1musk\u00f3lann \u00e1 K\u00f3ngsbergi<\/a>. \u00cd br\u00e9fi, sem Magn\u00fas sendi konungi vori\u00f0 1764, segir me\u00f0al annars, a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann s\u00e9 mj\u00f6g g\u00e1fa\u00f0ur og efnilegur n\u00e1msma\u00f0ur, Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson, sem mikils megi af v\u00e6nta. Leggur hann til, a\u00f0 Eyj\u00f3lfur ver\u00f0i sendur til Noregs og segist \u00feess fullviss, a\u00f0 hann muni s\u00ed\u00f0ar meir finna og uppg\u00f6tva margt n\u00fdtt og nytsamlegt \u00e1 \u00cdslandi.<\/p>\n

Otto Rantzaus<\/a> stiftamtma\u00f0ur tekur undir \u00feetta \u00ed br\u00e9fi, sem skrifa\u00f0 var sk\u00f6mmu s\u00ed\u00f0ar. Hann leggur einnig til, a\u00f0 Eyj\u00f3lfur ver\u00f0i sendur til K\u00f3ngsbergs til a\u00f0 nema n\u00e1mufr\u00e6\u00f0i hj\u00e1 Michael Heltzen<\/a> n\u00e1mustj\u00f3ra og f\u00e1i til \u00feess \u00e1rlegan styrk. \u00deeim peningum v\u00e6ri vel vari\u00f0, \u00fev\u00ed Eyj\u00f3lfur s\u00e9 afbur\u00f0ama\u00f0ur (\u201eaf et stort Genie\u201c).<\/p>\n

Af \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um, sem m\u00e9r eru ekki kunnar, var\u00f0 ekkert \u00far \u00feessum r\u00e1\u00f0ager\u00f0um og r\u00famlega h\u00e1lfu \u00e1ri eftir gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ipr\u00f3fi\u00f0 var Eyj\u00f3lfur or\u00f0inn a\u00f0sto\u00f0arstj\u00f6rnumeistari \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni.<\/p>\n

\u00c1 turni me\u00f0 Horrebow<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ekki er vita\u00f0 me\u00f0 vissu, hven\u00e6r Eyj\u00f3lfur h\u00f3f fyrst st\u00f6rf \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni. Ef til vill hefur hann unni\u00f0 \u00fear me\u00f0 n\u00e1mi, \u00fev\u00ed efnilegir n\u00e1msmenn vi\u00f0 Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la g\u00e1tu fengi\u00f0 \u00fear \u00fej\u00e1lfun \u00ed notkun m\u00e6lit\u00e6kja og jafnframt a\u00f0sto\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 athuganir gegn v\u00e6gri \u00fe\u00f3knun.<\/p>\n

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S\u00edvaliturn og \u00derenningarkirkja \u00e1ri\u00f0 1748. Mynd bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 teikningu eftir danska arkitektinn Lauritz de Thurah<\/a>. Stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0in s\u00e9st vel \u00e1 turn\u00feakinu til vinstri. H\u00fan haf\u00f0i l\u00edti\u00f0 breyst tuttugu \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar, \u00feegar Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson starfa\u00f0i \u00fear sem a\u00f0sto\u00f0arma\u00f0ur Christians Horrebow. \u00c1 kirkjuloftinu h\u00e6gra megin vi\u00f0 turninn var h\u00e1sk\u00f3lab\u00f3kasafni\u00f0 og \u00c1rnasafn<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yfirstj\u00f6rnumeistari \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni \u00ed t\u00ed\u00f0 Eyj\u00f3lfs var Christian Horrebow pr\u00f3fessor. Hann t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 starfinu af f\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00ednum, Peder N. Horrebow<\/a>, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1753 en haf\u00f0i \u00e1\u00f0ur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0arma\u00f0ur hans fr\u00e1 1738. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1753 var\u00f0 hann einnig sta\u00f0gengill hans sem pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i og st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lann. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00fe\u00f3 fyrst vi\u00f0 l\u00e1t f\u00f6\u00f0ursins \u00e1ri\u00f0 1764, sem Christian var formlega ger\u00f0ur a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fessor. Me\u00f0 einni mikilv\u00e6gri undantekningu voru ranns\u00f3knir hans a\u00f0 miklu leyti framhald af ranns\u00f3knum f\u00f6\u00f0ursins, sem aftur haf\u00f0i a\u00f0 mestu haldi\u00f0 sig vi\u00f0 svipu\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knarverkefni og l\u00e6rifa\u00f0ir hans og forveri \u00ed emb\u00e6tti, Ole R\u00f8mer<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1761 var ger\u00f0 \u00fattekt \u00e1 starfseminni \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni og \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 spunnust miklar umr\u00e6\u00f0ur me\u00f0al r\u00e1\u00f0amanna um a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0urnar \u00fear, mannafla og t\u00e6kjakost, sem menn voru samm\u00e1la um a\u00f0 \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 endurn\u00fdja. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00fe\u00f3 ekki fyrr en \u00ed september 1766, sem stj\u00f3rnin t\u00f3k af skari\u00f0 og veitti myndarlega fj\u00e1rveitingu til kaupa \u00e1 n\u00fdjum og betri sj\u00f3naukum og vanda\u00f0ri pend\u00falklukkum, en \u00fe\u00e6r g\u00f6mlu h\u00f6f\u00f0u lengi veri\u00f0 til vandr\u00e6\u00f0a. A\u00f0 auki var s\u00e9\u00f0 til \u00feess, a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a fleiri starfsmenn og \u00ed lei\u00f0inni komi\u00f0 \u00e1 n\u00fdju fyrirkomulagi \u00ed mannahaldi.<\/p>\n

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Hugmynd fr\u00e1 seinni hluta tuttugustu aldar um \u00fatlit athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0varinnar \u00e1 \u00feaki S\u00edvalaturns um mi\u00f0ja \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Tveir a\u00f0sto\u00f0armenn sem unni\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0u me\u00f0 Christian Horrebow \u00ed nokkur \u00e1r voru ger\u00f0ir a\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0arstj\u00f6rnumeisturum (f\u00f8rste og anden obsevator). S\u00e1 fyrri var br\u00f3\u00f0ir Christians, Peder yngri Horrebrow<\/a>. Hinn var Peder Roedki\u00e6r (d. 1767).<\/p>\n

Til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar \u00feessu var Christian Horrebow gert kleift a\u00f0 taka a\u00f0 s\u00e9r fj\u00f3ra nema til \u00fej\u00e1lfunar og l\u00e1ta \u00fe\u00e1 jafnframt a\u00f0sto\u00f0a vi\u00f0 m\u00e6lingar og anna\u00f0 sem til \u00feurfti. Ekki er \u00f3l\u00edklegt, a\u00f0 Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson hafi veri\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0inn sem einn af \u00feessum fj\u00f3rum strax hausti\u00f0 1766. Hans er allavega geti\u00f0 fremst \u00ed stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3k turnsins fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1767. S\u00e9rstakur \u00fej\u00f3nn var einnig fenginn til a\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0a stj\u00f6rnusko\u00f0arana. Fleiri vir\u00f0ast hafa komi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu, \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed b\u00f3kum athugunast\u00f6\u00f0varinnar er geti\u00f0 um 11 starfsmenn \u00e1ri\u00f0 1767.<\/p>\n

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Myndin s\u00fdnir hluta af upphafss\u00ed\u00f0u dagb\u00f3kar athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0varinnar \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1767. \u00dear eru taldir upp starfandi stj\u00f6rnusko\u00f0arar. Auk Eyj\u00f3lfs og br\u00e6\u00f0ranna Christians og Peders Horrebow eru \u00ed h\u00f3pnum Peder Roedki\u00e6r,\u00a0 Arent N. Aasheim,<\/a> Herman B. Celius, Henrik F. Schlegel og Johannes H\u00f8yer. Mynd \u00far meistararitger\u00f0<\/a> C. S. J\u00f6rgensen fr\u00e1 2017 (bls. 27).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cd \u00e1g\u00fast 1767 var Eyj\u00f3lfur ger\u00f0ur a\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0arstj\u00f6rnumeistara (anden observator) \u00ed sta\u00f0 Roedki\u00e6rs, sem d\u00e1i\u00f0 haf\u00f0i sk\u00f6mmu \u00e1\u00f0ur. Sl\u00edkan titil fengu \u00feeir einir, sem \u00f6\u00f0last h\u00f6f\u00f0u umtalsver\u00f0a reynslu af stj\u00f6rnuathugunum. \u00deessu starfi sinnti Eyj\u00f3lfur til vors 1770, en \u00fe\u00e1 sigldi hann til \u00cdslands sem ritari landsnefndarinnar fyrri, eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur er geti\u00f0. Vi\u00f0 starfi hans \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni t\u00f3k Rasmus Jansen<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Hin reglubundna starfsemi \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni \u00ed t\u00ed\u00f0 Eyj\u00f3lfs snerist um hi\u00f0 sama og \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0vum \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma. N\u00e1i\u00f0 var fylgst me\u00f0 g\u00f6ngu himintungla, einkum til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0a t\u00edmann og \u00fatb\u00faa sem n\u00e1kv\u00e6mastar t\u00f6flur til nota vi\u00f0 hnattst\u00f6\u00f0um\u00e6lingar \u00e1 sj\u00f3 og landi. \u00deetta kosta\u00f0i me\u00f0al annars n\u00e1kv\u00e6mnism\u00e6lingar \u00e1 h\u00e1g\u00f6ngu s\u00f3lar, tungls og fastastjarna. Einnig var fylgst af athygli me\u00f0 tunglmyrkvum, s\u00f3lmyrkvum og stj\u00f6rnumyrkvum sem og myrkvum J\u00fap\u00edterstungla. Reikistj\u00f6rnurnar voru undir st\u00f6\u00f0ugu eftirliti, ekki s\u00edst Venus, og \u00feegar halastj\u00f6rnur komu \u00ed heims\u00f3kn var fylgst me\u00f0 \u00feeim eins lengi og unnt var.<\/p>\n

\u00c1 \u00feessum t\u00edma var \u00fea\u00f0 einnig \u00e1 verksvi\u00f0i athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0varinnar a\u00f0 skr\u00e1setja ve\u00f0urfar og framkv\u00e6ma n\u00e1kv\u00e6mar m\u00e6lingar \u00e1 lofthita, loft\u00fer\u00fdstingi, vindhra\u00f0a, \u00farkomu og rakastigi. \u00deetta var einskonar v\u00edsir a\u00f0 ve\u00f0urstofu, en eitt af markmi\u00f0unum me\u00f0 m\u00e6lingunum var \u00fe\u00f3 jafnframt a\u00f0 kanna \u00e1hrif ve\u00f0ufars, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00fe\u00f3 lofthita, \u00e1 pend\u00falklukkur og stjarnm\u00e6lingat\u00e6ki. \u00c1 starfst\u00edma Eyj\u00f3lfs \u00e1 turni haf\u00f0i Peder Horrebow yfirumsj\u00f3n me\u00f0 \u00feessum hluta starfseminnar.<\/p>\n

\u00deessu til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar skipulag\u00f0i Christian Horrebow s\u00e9rst\u00f6k ranns\u00f3knarverkefni, sem stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir unnu a\u00f0 \u00feegar t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri gafst. \u00dear m\u00e1 til d\u00e6mis nefna tilraunir til a\u00f0 finna \u00e1rlega hli\u00f0run fastastjarna, verkefni sem danskir stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingar h\u00f6f\u00f0u gl\u00edmt vi\u00f0 \u00e1n \u00e1rangurs allt fr\u00e1 d\u00f6gum Tychos Brahe<\/a>. Eins og forverar hans, var\u00f0 Horrebow a\u00f0 lokum a\u00f0 j\u00e1ta sig sigra\u00f0an.<\/p>\n

Helsta langt\u00edmaverkefni Horrebows voru ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 s\u00f3lblettum. \u00dear t\u00f3kst mun betur til en vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0runarm\u00e6lingarnar og ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur hans um fj\u00f6lda s\u00f3lbletta eru n\u00fa vel \u00feekktar \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avettvangi. Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson kom a\u00f0 s\u00f3lblettaranns\u00f3knunum \u00e1 me\u00f0an hann starfa\u00f0i \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni og hann var einnig vi\u00f0ri\u00f0in ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 hinu dularfulla draugatungli Venusar \u00e1ri\u00f0 1768. \u00de\u00e1 t\u00f3k hann \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed myrkvam\u00e6lingum, sem tengdust \u00feverg\u00f6ngu Venusar \u00ed j\u00fan\u00ed 1769.<\/p>\n

S\u00f3lblettaranns\u00f3knir \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Eins og \u00feegar hefur komi\u00f0 fram, voru s\u00f3lblettaranns\u00f3knir eitt helsta vi\u00f0fangsefni Christians Horrebow \u00e1 starfst\u00edma Eyj\u00f3lfs \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni. Eyj\u00f3lfur t\u00f3k fullan \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed verkefni, eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00ed stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3kum athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0varinnar fr\u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma.<\/p>\n

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Ein af m\u00f6rgum f\u00e6rslum Eyj\u00f3lfs J\u00f3nssonar \u00ed stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3kinni um s\u00f3lblettina 6. september 1767. \u00dearna er hann a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0a stj\u00f6rnuhnit blettsins \u201ea\u201c \u00e1 teikningunni til h\u00e6gri.\u00a0\u00dar meistararitger\u00f0<\/a> J\u00f6rgensens (bls. 201).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Horrebow skrifa\u00f0i vanda\u00f0a grein<\/a> um ranns\u00f3knirnar og birti \u00e1ri\u00f0 1770 \u00ed riti Danska v\u00edsindaf\u00e9lagsins, Skrifterne<\/em> (bls. 469-536). H\u00fan var \u00fev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku og vakti \u00fev\u00ed enga athygli \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamf\u00e9lagi stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0inga \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma. Hi\u00f0 sama \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um a\u00f0rar s\u00f3lblettani\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur Horrebows. \u00de\u00e6r voru allar birtar \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku \u00ed d\u00f6nskum ritum.<\/p>\n

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Teikningarnar s\u00fdna hluta af ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um s\u00f3lblettaathugana \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni sumari\u00f0 1769: S\u00f3lsk\u00edfan 23. og 24. j\u00fan\u00ed (Fig. 16), 29. j\u00fan\u00ed til 11. j\u00fal\u00ed (Fig. 17) og 18. til 25. j\u00fal\u00ed (Fig. 18). \u00dar myndavi\u00f0auka me\u00f0 grein Horrebows um s\u00f3lbletti<\/a> fr\u00e1 1770. B\u00f3kstafirnir \u00e1 teikningunum v\u00edsa til frekari uppl\u00fdsinga um blettina \u00ed grein hans.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Um hinar mikilv\u00e6gu og \u00e1hugaver\u00f0u s\u00f3lblettaranns\u00f3knir Horrebows og \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku Eyj\u00f3lfs \u00ed \u00feeim er fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed meiri sm\u00e1atri\u00f0um \u00ed s\u00e9rstakri f\u00e6rslu<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

Draugatungli\u00f0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00e1nudaginn 4. jan\u00faar 1768 komu \u00fer\u00edr stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingar \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni, \u00feeir Christian Horrebow, Ole N. B\u00fctzow<\/a> og Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson, auga \u00e1 l\u00edtinn lj\u00f3sdepil r\u00e9tt ne\u00f0an vi\u00f0 Venus \u00e1 hvelfingunni. \u00cd dagb\u00f3karf\u00e6rslu \u00feeirra, sem s\u00fdnd er \u00e1 myndunum h\u00e9r fyrir ne\u00f0an, kemur fram a\u00f0 \u00feeir grandsko\u00f0u\u00f0u depilinn me\u00f0 t\u00edu feta l\u00f6ngum Dollond-sj\u00f3nauka og ur\u00f0u samm\u00e1la um, a\u00f0 hann v\u00e6ri of \u00f3l\u00edkur fastastj\u00f6rnunum \u00ed sj\u00f3nsvi\u00f0i sj\u00f3naukans til a\u00f0 vera ein \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

S\u00fdndarfjarl\u00e6g\u00f0 depilsins fr\u00e1 m\u00f3\u00f0urhnettinum var um ein Venusarbreidd (efri teikningin til h\u00e6gri). Stuttu s\u00ed\u00f0ar s\u00e1u \u00feeir depilinn einnig \u00ed t\u00f3lf feta l\u00f6ngum Delisle-sj\u00f3nauka (ne\u00f0ri teikningin til h\u00e6gri). R\u00e9tt er a\u00f0 benda \u00e1, a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt depillinn s\u00e9 sig\u00f0laga \u00e1 teikningunum sn\u00fdr hann eins \u00e1 \u00feeim \u00f6llum og ekkert er minnst \u00e1 l\u00f6gun hans \u00ed dagb\u00f3kinni.<\/p>\n

Um \u00fea\u00f0 bil klukkustund s\u00ed\u00f0ar var depillinn kominn lengra til h\u00e6gri fr\u00e1 Venusi \u00ed Dollond-sj\u00f3naukanum og lengra til vinstri \u00ed Deslie-sj\u00f3naukanum (teikningarnar tv\u00e6r fyrir ne\u00f0an mi\u00f0ju). A\u00f0 lokum er \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega teki\u00f0 fram \u00ed dagb\u00f3kinni a\u00f0 allir \u00fer\u00edr stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir s\u00e9u \u00feess fullvissir, a\u00f0 lj\u00f3sdepillinn s\u00e9 hvorki fastastjarna n\u00e9 sj\u00f3nvilla. \u00deeir telji \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edklegt, a\u00f0 \u00fearna s\u00e9 um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a fylgihn\u00f6tt Venusar.<\/p>\n

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F\u00e6rsla \u00feeirra Christians Horrebows (C.H.), Ole B\u00fctzows (O.B.) og Eyj\u00f3lfs J\u00f3nssonar (J.) \u00ed stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3k S\u00edvalaturns hinn 4. jan\u00faar 1768. \u00c1 teikningunum er Venus t\u00e1knu\u00f0 me\u00f0 st\u00f3rum hring og striki\u00f0 \u00ed gegnum hana er l\u00f3\u00f0l\u00ednan. Lj\u00f3sdepillinn, sem stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir t\u00f6ldu vera tungl Venusar, er sig\u00f0laga. Sj\u00e1 prenta\u00f0a \u00fatg\u00e1fu af f\u00e6rslunni \u00e1 n\u00e6stu mynd.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur m\u00e6linganna \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni, 4. jan\u00faar 1768, birtust fyrst \u00e1 prenti \u00e1ri\u00f0 1882 \u00ed grein<\/a> eftir Hans Schjellerup<\/a> (bls. 167-68). Til frekari skilningsauka m\u00e1 nefna, a\u00f0 myndin af Venusi og tunglinu sn\u00fdr r\u00e9tt \u00ed t\u00edu feta linsusj\u00f3naukanum (tubo Dolloniano). Myndin er hins vegar \u00f6fug \u00ed Delisle-sj\u00f3naukanum (tubo Isl\u00e6ano Astronomico, tubo coelesti). \u00dea\u00f0 er s\u00e9rst\u00f6k ger\u00f0 linsusj\u00f3nauka, kennd vi\u00f0 franska stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0inginn J. N. Delisle<\/a>, en \u00e6ttarnafn hans er einnig rita\u00f0 de L’Isle. Lengd sj\u00f3naukans var 12 d\u00f6nsk fet e\u00f0a 3,77 m.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

M\u00e6lingar \u00feeirra Horrebows, B\u00fctzows og Eyj\u00f3lfs \u00e1 tungli Venusar \u00ed \u00e1rsbyrjun 1768 voru ekki \u00fe\u00e6r fyrstu \u00ed s\u00f6gunni. \u00cd raun voru \u00feeir s\u00ed\u00f0ustu stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingarinir, sem s\u00e1u \u00feetta dularfulla fyrirb\u00e6ri.<\/p>\n

\u00c1\u00f0ur h\u00f6f\u00f0u me\u00f0al annars Francesco Fontana<\/a> (1645 og 1646),\u00a0 Giovanni Domenico Cassini<\/a> (1672, 1686), James Short<\/a> (1740), Andreas Mayer<\/a> (1759) og Louis Lagrange<\/a> (1761) tali\u00f0 sig hafa s\u00e9\u00f0 fylgihn\u00f6ttinn, sumir oftar en einu sinni. F\u00e1ir af stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingum samt\u00edmans l\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00fe\u00f3 tr\u00fana\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessar fr\u00e1sagnir, enda reyndu margir \u00e1rangurslaust a\u00f0 koma auga \u00e1 tungli\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessu t\u00edmabili. Me\u00f0al annars skyggndist fj\u00f6ldi stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0inga eftir \u00fev\u00ed, \u00feegar Venus gekk fyrir s\u00f3lina sumari\u00f0 1761. Engin merki s\u00e1ust um fylgihn\u00f6tt.<\/p>\n

Eins og svo margir a\u00f0rir, fylgdust stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni me\u00f0 \u00feverg\u00f6ngu Venusar \u00ed j\u00fan\u00ed 1761. \u00deeir s\u00e1u tungli\u00f0 ekki heldur. En nokkrum d\u00f6gum seinna kom forveri Eyj\u00f3lfs, Peder Roedki\u00e6r, hins vegar auga \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 og svo aftur um hausti\u00f0. Christian Horrebow vir\u00f0ist samt hafa haft s\u00ednar efasemdir og ekkert var birt um \u00feessar athuganir (fyrr en 1882<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Vori\u00f0 1764 dr\u00f3 hins vegar til t\u00ed\u00f0inda. Roedki\u00e6r kom enn og aftur auga \u00e1 tungli\u00f0 og \u00ed \u00feetta sinn t\u00f3kst honum a\u00f0 f\u00e1 Horrebow til a\u00f0 lesa upp greinarger\u00f0 um m\u00e6lingarnar \u00e1 fundi Hins konunglega danska v\u00edsindaf\u00e9lags<\/a> nokkrum d\u00f6gum s\u00ed\u00f0ar (sj\u00e1 Skrifterne 1765<\/a>, bls. 394-95). Horrebow gaf einnig stutt yfirlit yfir \u00feessar og a\u00f0rar athuganir \u00e1 tungli Venusar (Skrifterne 1765<\/a>, bls. 396-99). \u00dea\u00f0 merkilega er, a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edmapunkti haf\u00f0i Horrebow sj\u00e1lfur aldrei s\u00e9\u00f0 tungli\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 breyttist \u00fe\u00f3 tveimur d\u00f6gum s\u00ed\u00f0ar, \u00feegar hann kom loksins auga \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1samt a\u00f0sto\u00f0arm\u00f6nnum s\u00ednum. \u00cd grein um \u00feessa upplifun (Skrifterne 1765<\/a>, bls. 400-03) segir hann me\u00f0al annars:<\/p>\n

Aldrei \u00e1\u00f0ur hef \u00e9g s\u00e9\u00f0 fyrirb\u00e6ri \u00e1 himni, sem hefur haft meiri \u00e1hrif \u00e1 mig. \u00c9g taldi mig raunverulega sj\u00e1 tungl Venusar og fann gle\u00f0itilfinningu \u00ed hjarta m\u00ednu, \u00fev\u00ed \u00e9g s\u00e1 n\u00fa a\u00f0 Skaparinn haf\u00f0i s\u00e9\u00f0 \u00edb\u00faum Venusar, eins og okkur, fyrir fylgihnetti (bls. 401).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00dearna m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 gott d\u00e6mi um \u00feau \u00e1hrif, sem n\u00e1tt\u00farugu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> og me\u00f0fylgjandi fullvissa um l\u00edf \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum hn\u00f6ttum<\/a>, haf\u00f0i \u00e1 heimsmynd stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0inga (og annarra) \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma.<\/p>\n

\u00der\u00e1tt fyrir \u00feessa stundarhrifningu, var Horrebow \u00e1fram tv\u00edst\u00edgandi, \u00feegar tungl Venusar kom til umr\u00e6\u00f0u. Hann sl\u00f3 \u00far og \u00ed, ekki s\u00edst eftir a\u00f0 hinn \u00feekkti ungverski stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingur, Maximilian Hell<\/a>, skrifa\u00f0i langan b\u00e6kling<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1765, \u00fear sem hann reyndi a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra, hva\u00f0 menn hef\u00f0u raunverulega s\u00e9\u00f0. Hell h\u00e9lt \u00fev\u00ed fram, a\u00f0 hi\u00f0 svokalla\u00f0a tungl v\u00e6ri ekkert anna\u00f0 en speglun hins bjarta Venusarlj\u00f3ss, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed linsum sj\u00f3naukanna og hornhimnu augans. Sk\u00f6mmu s\u00ed\u00f0ar komst fj\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Roger Boscovich<\/a> a\u00f0 svip\u00f0a\u00f0ri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u, \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 Hell. \u00deess m\u00e1 einnig geta, a\u00f0 \u00ed sk\u00fdrslu til danska V\u00edsindaf\u00e9lagsins \u00e1ri\u00f0 1783 t\u00f3k eftirma\u00f0ur Horrebows, Thomas Bugge<\/a>, undir me\u00f0 Hell.<\/p>\n

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Myndir \u00far b\u00e6klingi<\/a> Maximilians Hell fr\u00e1 1765 um tungl Venusar. \u00de\u00e6r eiga a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra lj\u00f3sfr\u00e6\u00f0ina a\u00f0 baki \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u hans, a\u00f0 hi\u00f0 svokalla\u00f0a tungl s\u00e9 ekkert anna\u00f0 en spegilmynd Venusar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Neikv\u00e6\u00f0ar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00feeirra Hells og Boscovichs eru l\u00edklega helsta \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feess, a\u00f0 m\u00e6lingar Horrebows, Eyj\u00f3lfs og\u00a0B\u00fctzows \u00ed \u00e1rsbyrjun 1768 voru ekki birtar opinberlega (fyrr en 1882<\/a>, 114 \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar).<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1875 kom \u00fat b\u00f3kin Das Venusmond<\/a> eftir \u00fe\u00fdska stj\u00f6rnu\u00e1hugamanninn F. Schorr<\/a>, \u00fear sem hinar g\u00f6mlu athuganir voru rifja\u00f0ar upp. H\u00fan var\u00f0 me\u00f0al annars til \u00feess, a\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1882 gaf Hans Schjellerups \u00fat m\u00e6lini\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0inganna \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni, eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur er geti\u00f0. \u00deetta var\u00f0 til a\u00f0 endurvekja \u00e1huga manna \u00e1 draugatunglinu og \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 komu fram frekari tilg\u00e1tur um \u00fea\u00f0, hva\u00f0 \u00fearna hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00e1 fer\u00f0inni.<\/p>\n

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Teikning af Venusi \u201eme\u00f0 tungli s\u00ednu\u201c fr\u00e1 1882.\u00a0 \u00dar grein<\/a> eftir Joseph Bertrant<\/a>, sem reyndar tr\u00fa\u00f0i ekki \u00e1 tilvist fylgihnattarins. Hann taldi samt, a\u00f0 taka yr\u00f0i m\u00e6lingar reyndra stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0inga alvarlega og finna \u00feyrfti vi\u00f0hl\u00edtandi sk\u00fdringar \u00e1 \u00feeim. L\u00f6ngu \u00e1\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i J\u00e9r\u00f4me Lalande<\/a> sett fram svipa\u00f0a sko\u00f0un. T\u00edmariti\u00f0 L’Astronmie<\/em>, sem birti grein Bertrants, var stofna\u00f0 af hinum \u00feekkta franska stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingi og al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ufr\u00e6\u00f0ara Camille Flammarion<\/a>. Hann taldi fullv\u00edst, a\u00f0 Venus v\u00e6ri i\u00f0andi af l\u00edfi, \u00fe\u00f3tt hann try\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0 henni fylgdi tungl.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn J.-C. Hozeau<\/a> stakk upp\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1ri\u00f0 1884, a\u00f0 hi\u00f0 svokalla\u00f0a tungl v\u00e6ri \u00ed raun l\u00edtil reikistjarna, sem gengi um s\u00f3lina me\u00f0 283 daga umfer\u00f0art\u00edma. H\u00fan v\u00e6ri \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed samst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 Venus \u00e1 1.080 daga fresti. Hozeau stakk upp \u00e1 nafninu Neith<\/em> fyrir \u00feennan n\u00fdja me\u00f0lim s\u00f3lkerfisins. Vart \u00fearf a\u00f0 taka \u00fea\u00f0 fram, a\u00f0 enn hefur engin sl\u00edk reikistjarna fundist.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nnur sk\u00fdring var sett fram 1887. Eftir umtalsver\u00f0a og t\u00edmafreka \u00fatreikninga benti stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Paul Stroobant<\/a> \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 hugsanlegu sk\u00fdringu, a\u00f0 \u00fearna hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 um s\u00f3lstj\u00f6rnur a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. Til d\u00e6mis p\u00f6ssu\u00f0u m\u00e6lingar Roedki\u00e6rs fr\u00e1 1761 \u00e1g\u00e6tlega vi\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnuna 62 Orionis<\/em>. M\u00e6lingar Eyj\u00f3lfs og f\u00e9laga smellp\u00f6ssu\u00f0u hins vegar vi\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0u stj\u00f6rnunnar \u03b8<\/em> \u00ed Vogarmerki \u00e1 umr\u00e6ddum t\u00edma. \u00de\u00f3tt Stroobant t\u00e6kist ekki a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra allar m\u00e6lingarnar me\u00f0 s\u00f6mu n\u00e1kv\u00e6mni, f\u00e9llust flestir stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingar \u00e1 \u00feessa tilg\u00e1tu hans og fylgihn\u00f6ttur Venusar f\u00e9ll sm\u00e1m saman \u00ed gleymsku.<\/p>\n

Sumt af \u00fev\u00ed, sem h\u00e9r hefur veri\u00f0 sagt um draugatungl Venusar, er fengi\u00f0 \u00far \u00e1g\u00e6tis yfirlitsgrein<\/a> fr\u00e1 2008 eftir Kurt M. Pedersen og Helge Kragh.\u00a0 A\u00f0alheimildin um \u00feetta skemmtilega efni er \u00fe\u00f3 b\u00f3k eftir Helge Kragh<\/a> fr\u00e1 svipu\u00f0um t\u00edma.<\/p>\n

\u00deverganga Venusar og s\u00f3lmyrkvinn \u00ed j\u00fan\u00ed 1769<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00feekktri grein fr\u00e1 1716<\/a> stakk enski fj\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn, Edmond Halley<\/a>, upp \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nota n\u00e1kv\u00e6mar m\u00e6lingar \u00e1 \u00feverg\u00f6ngu Venusar<\/a> til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0a hli\u00f0run s\u00f3lar<\/a> og \u00fear me\u00f0 hina svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u stjarnfr\u00e6\u00f0ieiningu<\/a> (sj\u00e1 st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega umfj\u00f6llun h\u00e9r<\/a>). \u00dat fr\u00e1 henni m\u00e1 svo finna allar a\u00f0rar fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0ir \u00ed s\u00f3lkerfinu. Halley d\u00f3 1742, l\u00f6ngu \u00e1\u00f0ur en n\u00e6sta \u00feverganga \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0, sumari\u00f0 1761, og s\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed ekki draum sinn ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 veruleika.<\/p>\n

\u00deverg\u00f6ngur Venusar koma \u00ed p\u00f6rum. \u00cd hverju pari l\u00ed\u00f0a um 8 \u00e1r \u00e1 milli \u00feverganga og \u00fe\u00e6r falla \u00e1 sama \u00e1rst\u00edma. \u00c1 milli paranna l\u00ed\u00f0ur svo aftur mun lengri t\u00edmi, til skiptis 105,5 \u00e1r og 121,5 \u00e1r.<\/p>\n

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Myndin s\u00fdnir allar \u00feverg\u00f6ngur Venusar fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sj\u00f3naukinn kom til s\u00f6gunnar og fram til vora daga. Hvert belti \u00e1 teikningunum s\u00fdnir braut Venusar yfir s\u00f3lsk\u00edfuna s\u00e9\u00f0 fr\u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni. J\u00f3hannes Kepler<\/a> sp\u00e1\u00f0i fyrir um fyrstu \u00feverg\u00f6nguna, 7. desember 1631, en h\u00fan s\u00e1st ekki fr\u00e1 Evr\u00f3pu. Tveimur Englendingum, Jeremiah Horrocks<\/a> og William Crabtree<\/a> t\u00f3kst a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 n\u00e6stu, 4. desember 1639 (efri myndin til vinstri). \u00c1vallt s\u00ed\u00f0an hefur mikill fj\u00f6ldi stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0inga fylgst me\u00f0 \u00feverg\u00f6ngunum: 6. j\u00fan\u00ed 1761, 3. j\u00fan\u00ed 1769 (efri myndin til h\u00e6gri), 9. desember 1874<\/a>, 6. desember 1882<\/a> (ne\u00f0ri myndin til vinstri), 8. j\u00fan\u00ed 2004<\/a> og n\u00fana s\u00ed\u00f0ast 6. j\u00fan\u00ed 2012<\/a> (ne\u00f0ri myndin til h\u00e6gri). N\u00e6sta \u00feverganga ver\u00f0ur svo 2117.\u00a0 Myndin er \u00far vins\u00e6lu al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uriti<\/a> fr\u00e1 1874 eftir R. A. Proctor<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cd a\u00f0draganda \u00feverg\u00f6ngunnar 1761 bundust margir evr\u00f3pskir stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingar samt\u00f6kum um a\u00f0 vinna sameiginlega a\u00f0 gagna\u00f6flun. \u00c1 fundi \u00ed V\u00edsindaf\u00e9laginu hvatti hinn kraftmikli Christian G. Kratzenstein<\/a> Dani til a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed sl\u00edku samstarfi (sj\u00e1 Skrifterne 1765<\/a>, bls. 520-40) og ger\u00f0i sj\u00e1lfur \u00fat lei\u00f0angur til \u00der\u00e1ndheims \u00ed Noregi af \u00feessu tilefni. \u00c1rangur var\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 enginn vegna sl\u00e6mra ve\u00f0urskilyr\u00f0a (um \u00e1hrif Kratzenstein \u00e1 \u00cdslendinga m\u00e1 lesa h\u00e9r<\/a>).<\/p>\n

\u00cd S\u00edvalaturni fylgdist Christian Horrebow me\u00f0 \u00feverg\u00f6ngunni \u00e1samt br\u00f3\u00f0ur s\u00ednum Peder. M\u00e6lingarnar gengu s\u00e6milega, en \u00feegar Christian sendi ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnarnar til Par\u00edsar til frekari sko\u00f0unar, gleymdi hann a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta \u00e1kve\u00f0nar t\u00edmalei\u00f0r\u00e9ttingar fylgja. \u00dea\u00f0 var\u00f0 ekki til \u00feess a\u00f0 efla or\u00f0st\u00edr hans me\u00f0al evr\u00f3pskra stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0inga. \u00deegar hann birti loks lei\u00f0r\u00e9ttar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00ed\u00a0Skrifterne 1765<\/a> (bls. 373-88) var \u00fea\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 allt of seint.<\/p>\n

\u00deessi misheppna\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1tttaka Horrebows \u00ed evr\u00f3psku samstarfi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1761 var\u00f0 til \u00feess, a\u00f0 \u00feegar aftur var bl\u00e1si\u00f0 til samvinnu \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 \u00feverg\u00f6nguna 1769, fengu d\u00f6nsk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld Maximilian Hell, sem nefndur var \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0asta kafla, til a\u00f0 vera fulltr\u00faa Dana. Hann og samstarfsmenn hans voru sendir til eyjunnar Vard\u00f8<\/a>, nyrst \u00ed Noregi, til a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 \u00feverg\u00f6ngunni 3. j\u00fan\u00ed 1769.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1770 birti Hell b\u00f3k<\/a> um m\u00e6lingar s\u00ednar. H\u00fan var strax \u00fe\u00fddd \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku og birt \u00ed\u00a0Skrifterne 1770<\/a> (bls. 537-618).<\/p>\n

Talsvert hefur veri\u00f0 skrifa\u00f0 um \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku Dana \u00ed m\u00e6lingunum 1769 og fr\u00e6g\u00f0arf\u00f6r Hells til Vard\u00f8. \u00deessu \u00e1hugaver\u00f0a efni ver\u00f0a ekki ger\u00f0 frekari skil h\u00e9r, en \u00ed sta\u00f0inn er bent \u00e1 stutta grein<\/a> norska v\u00edsindasagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingsins Pers P. Apaas um \u00feverg\u00f6ngurnar 1761 og 1769 og \u00fdmislegt, sem \u00feeim tengist (ef \u00fea\u00f0 n\u00e6gir ekki, m\u00e1 benda m\u00f6nnum \u00e1 dotorsritger\u00f0<\/a> Apaas fr\u00e1 2012).<\/p>\n

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Jes\u00fa\u00edtinn og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Maximilian Hell \u00e1ri\u00f0 1770. Hann situr vi\u00f0 kva\u00f0rantinn, eitt af t\u00e6kjunum, sem notu\u00f0 voru \u00ed Vard\u00f8 vi\u00f0 m\u00e6lingarnr \u00e1 \u00feverg\u00f6ngu Venusar sumari\u00f0 1769. \u00deetta g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 sama t\u00e6ki\u00f0 og Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson kom me\u00f0 til \u00cdslands vori\u00f0 1770 og Rasmus Lievog nota\u00f0i s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00e1 Bessast\u00f6\u00f0um og \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feverg\u00f6ngum\u00e6lingarnar \u00ed Vard\u00f8 n\u00fdttust a\u00f0 fullu, var mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 \u00feekkja sta\u00f0setningu athugunarsta\u00f0arins me\u00f0 sem mestri n\u00e1kv\u00e6mni. Tilt\u00f6lulega au\u00f0velt var a\u00f0 m\u00e6la breiddina, en lengdar\u00e1kvar\u00f0anir<\/a> kr\u00f6f\u00f0ust meiri umsvifa. Til \u00feess nota\u00f0i Hell nokkrar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir en s\u00fa eina, sem h\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur r\u00e6dd, byggist \u00e1 s\u00f3lmyrkvaathugunum. Svo heppilega vildi til, a\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 bil fimm stundum eftir \u00feverg\u00f6nguna var\u00f0 s\u00f3lmyrkvi, sem h\u00e6gt var a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0, ekki a\u00f0eins fr\u00e1 Vard\u00f8, heldur einnig fr\u00e1 stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0vunum \u00ed Greenwich, Par\u00eds, Kaupmannah\u00f6fn, Stokkh\u00f3lmi, P\u00e9tursborg, V\u00ednarborg og Ingolstadt. \u00c1\u00f0ur en Hell lag\u00f0i af sta\u00f0 til Vard\u00f8, haf\u00f0i hann fengi\u00f0 vilyr\u00f0i um m\u00e6lini\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 \u00f6llum \u00feessum st\u00f6\u00f0um.<\/p>\n

\u00deegar s\u00f3lmyrkvinn brast \u00e1 4. j\u00fan\u00ed, voru stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni me\u00f0 allt til rei\u00f0u.\u00a0 Teikningin h\u00e9r fyrir ne\u00f0an er \u00far stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3k turnsins og s\u00fdnir b\u00e6\u00f0i upphaf og endi myrkvans \u00e1 s\u00f3larkringlunni, auk s\u00f3lbletta.<\/p>\n

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Uppl\u00fdsingar um s\u00f3lmyrkvann 4. j\u00fan\u00ed 1769, sk\u00f6mmu eftir a\u00f0 Venus haf\u00f0i gengi\u00f0 fyrir s\u00f3lina. \u00cd bl\u00e1a sporbaugnum vinstra megin m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 upphaf myrkvans, sem Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson m\u00e6ldi. \u00cd fj\u00f3lubl\u00e1a sporbaugnum h\u00e6gra megin er s\u00fdnd m\u00e6ling Christians Horrebow \u00e1 lokum myrkvans. Til samanbur\u00f0ar er svo s\u00fdnt, hvar \u00feverg\u00f6ngu Venusar lauk fimm t\u00edmum fyrr (rau\u00f0i hringurinn). \u00dearna m\u00e1 einnig sj\u00e1 fj\u00f6lda s\u00f3lbletta. Myndin er \u00far meistararitger\u00f0<\/a> J\u00f6rgensen (bls. 95).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

M\u00e6lini\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar fr\u00e1 S\u00edvalaturni voru birtar \u00ed b\u00f3k Hells og \u00far \u00feeim unni\u00f0, \u00e1samt ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0vum. Hell taldi, a\u00f0 m\u00e6lingar \u00e1 lokum myrkvans v\u00e6ru \u00ed \u00f6llum tilvikum n\u00e1kv\u00e6mari en upphafsm\u00e6lingarnar og nota\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e6r \u00fev\u00ed eing\u00f6ngu \u00ed b\u00f3k sinni.<\/p>\n

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M\u00e6lini\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0inganna \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni (Horrebows, Eyj\u00f3lfs, Karups, Sor\u00f8e og Aasheims) \u00e1 lokum s\u00f3lmyrkvans 4. j\u00fan\u00ed 1769. S\u00ed\u00f0a \u00far b\u00f3k<\/a> Maximilians Hell um \u00feverg\u00f6ngu Venusar (bls. 44). \u00cd d\u00f6nsku \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingunni \u00ed Skrifterne 1770<\/a> eru \u00feessar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00e1 bls. 574-75.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c1 lei\u00f0inni til Vard\u00f8 komu Hell og samfer\u00f0amenn hans vi\u00f0 \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn til a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a vi\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0amenn og pr\u00f3fessora H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans. Christian Horrebow l\u00e1na\u00f0i \u00feeim \u00fdmis t\u00e6ki til m\u00e6linga, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al pend\u00falklukku, t\u00edu feta Dollond-sj\u00f3nauka og tvo kva\u00f0ranta, einn tveggja feta fer\u00f0akva\u00f0rant og annan \u00feriggja feta \u00far d\u00f6nsku st\u00e1li \u00e1 st\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00deann s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda haf\u00f0i Sv\u00edinn Johannes Ahl (1729-95) sm\u00ed\u00f0a\u00f0. \u00deegar lei\u00f0angursmenn komu aftur til Kaupmannahafnar \u00ed okt\u00f3ber 1769, var \u00feessum m\u00e6lit\u00e6kjum skila\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Samkv\u00e6mt uppl\u00fdsingum \u00ed dagb\u00f3kum Rasmusar Lievog<\/a> var kva\u00f0ranturinn, sem Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson kom me\u00f0 til landsins 1770, s\u00e1 hinn sami og Maximilian Hell haf\u00f0i nota\u00f0 \u00ed Vard\u00f8 \u00e1ri\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0ur. \u00deetta g\u00e6ti einnig \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 um hin t\u00e6kin, en um \u00fea\u00f0 skortir heimildir.<\/p>\n

Ritari og farandstj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingur
\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Eins og minnst var \u00e1 \u00ed upphafi, sigldi Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson til \u00cdslands vori\u00f0 1770 sem ritari landsnefndarinnar fyrri<\/a>. Hann fer\u00f0a\u00f0ist um landi\u00f0, \u00fdmist einn e\u00f0a me\u00f0 nefndarm\u00f6nnum, en \u00feegar \u00feeir h\u00e9ldu aftur til Kaupmannahafnar, hausti\u00f0 1771, var\u00f0 hann eftir vegna veikinda.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 var ekki bara landsnefndin sem sl\u00edk, sem f\u00e9kk erindisbr\u00e9f fr\u00e1 stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum, heldur f\u00e9kk Eyj\u00f3lfur a\u00f0 auki \u00edtarlegt br\u00e9f me\u00f0 fyrirm\u00e6lum<\/a>, sem greinilega voru samin af me\u00f0limum V\u00edsindaf\u00e9lagsins danska. Samkv\u00e6mt br\u00e9finu haf\u00f0i hann sj\u00e1lfur sam\u00feykkt a\u00f0 taka a\u00f0 s\u00e9r verkefnin, sem \u00fear eru talin upp.<\/p>\n

Auk ritarastarfa, var honum \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6ma margskonar athuganir og m\u00e6lingar. Me\u00f0al annars skyldi hann \u00e1kvar\u00f0a breidd sem flestra vi\u00f0komusta\u00f0a og eftir a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um gera t\u00edmam\u00e6lingar, sem g\u00e6tu hj\u00e1lpa\u00f0 til vi\u00f0 \u00e1v\u00f6r\u00f0un lengdarinnar. \u00de\u00e1 \u00e1tti hann eftir megni a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 h\u00e1g\u00f6ngu s\u00f3lar og stjarna, me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 fyrir augum a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0a lj\u00f3sbroti\u00f0 \u00ed andr\u00famsloftinu. Til frekari undirb\u00fanings a\u00f0 framt\u00ed\u00f0arkortlagningu landsins, var hann be\u00f0inn um a\u00f0 m\u00e6la horn milli sj\u00f3nl\u00edna til miklv\u00e6gra sta\u00f0a og setja ni\u00f0ur nokkra st\u00f3ra landm\u00e6linga\u00fer\u00edhyrninga, ef \u00feess v\u00e6ri nokkur kostur.<\/p>\n

Jafnframt var Eyj\u00f3lfi \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 kanna misv\u00edsun \u00e1ttavita \u00e1 sem flestum st\u00f6\u00f0um, m\u00e6la \u00fear hitastig og \u00fer\u00fdsting og \u00e1kvar\u00f0a h\u00e6\u00f0 fjalla me\u00f0 \u00fer\u00fdstingsm\u00e6lingum. Einnig a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 nor\u00f0urlj\u00f3sum sem v\u00ed\u00f0ast og s\u00f6mulei\u00f0is sj\u00e1varf\u00f6llum vi\u00f0 str\u00f6ndina.<\/p>\n

S\u00e9rstaklega er teki\u00f0 fram, a\u00f0 Eyj\u00f3lfur ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 hafa \u00fej\u00f3n s\u00e9r til a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar vi\u00f0 m\u00e6lingar og flutninga \u00e1 m\u00e6lit\u00e6kjum milli sta\u00f0a. V\u00edsindaf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 muni bera \u00feann kostna\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Mikil \u00e1hersla er l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed br\u00e9finu, a\u00f0 Eyj\u00f3lfur haldi \u00edtarlega dagb\u00f3k yfir allar s\u00ednar athuganir og afhendi hana V\u00edsindaf\u00e9laginu, \u00feegar hann komi aftur til Kaupmannahafnar. Er honum lofa\u00f0 frekari frama, ef fer\u00f0 hans ver\u00f0i \u201etil Nytte for Astronomiens, Geographiens og de mathematiske Videnskabers Forfremmelse<\/em>\u201c.<\/p>\n

Til er listi yfir m\u00e6lit\u00e6kin, sem Eyj\u00f3lfur haf\u00f0i me\u00f0 s\u00e9r til landsins. \u00dear voru me\u00f0al annars: Kva\u00f0rantur \u00e1samt tjaldi yfir hann. T\u00edu feta Dollond-sj\u00f3nauki, \u00e1n skr\u00fafum\u00e6lis. Tv\u00e6r einfaldar pend\u00falklukkur og \u00feriggja feta sj\u00f3nauki til t\u00edma\u00e1kvar\u00f0ana. \u00c1ttavitar til misv\u00edsunarm\u00e6linga. \u00der\u00edr loft\u00fer\u00fdstingsm\u00e6lar og \u00fer\u00edr lofthitam\u00e6lar.\u00a0 Auk \u00feess t\u00f3k hann me\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00fdmis handverkf\u00e6ri, stj\u00f6rnukort og stj\u00f6rnualman\u00f6k Hells<\/a> fyrir \u00e1rin 1770 og 1771.<\/p>\n

\u00cd dag finnst hvorki tangur n\u00e9 tetur af dagb\u00f3k(um) Eyj\u00f3lfs. Ekki hef \u00e9g heldur s\u00e9\u00f0 neinar fr\u00e1sagnir af athugunum hans \u00e1 fer\u00f0al\u00f6gum. \u00deetta \u00e1 b\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 um dv\u00f6l hans \u00e1samt nefndarm\u00f6nnum \u00e1 \u00deingv\u00f6llum seinni partinn \u00ed j\u00fal\u00ed 1770 og eins \u00e1 H\u00f3lum \u00ed Hjaltadal, \u00fear sem hann dvaldi vi\u00f0 athuganir fr\u00e1 byrjun \u00e1g\u00fast og vel fram eftir hausti. H\u00f3purinn haf\u00f0i vetursetu \u00e1 Arnarh\u00f3li \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk og vann \u00fear \u00far a\u00f0sendum ritger\u00f0um og br\u00e9fum \u00cdslendinga fram \u00e1 sumari\u00f0 1771. Vinnunni lauk me\u00f0 till\u00f6guger\u00f0 og nefndin h\u00e9lt s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00far landi me\u00f0 haustskipi. Eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur sag\u00f0i, var\u00f0 Eyj\u00f3lfur eftir vegna veikinda.<\/p>\n

Athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0in \u00e1 Arnarh\u00f3li<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00deegar landsnefndarmenn komu til \u00cdslands snemmsumars 1770 reyndist h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0, sem Almenna verslunarf\u00e9lagi\u00f0<\/a> haf\u00f0i \u00fatvega\u00f0 \u00feeim, algj\u00f6rlega \u00f3\u00edb\u00fa\u00f0arh\u00e6ft. \u00d3lafur Stephensen<\/a> amtma\u00f0ur kom \u00fe\u00e1 h\u00f3pnum fyrir \u00ed hinu n\u00fdbygg\u00f0a tugth\u00fasi \u00e1 Arnarh\u00f3li, sem haf\u00f0i ekki enn veri\u00f0 teki\u00f0 \u00ed notkun. \u00deetta s\u00e6ttu \u00feeir sig vi\u00f0, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir \u201eden Fugtighed og onde Lugt, som f\u00f8lger med et nyt og af tykke Mure ledigstaaende Hus<\/em>\u201c. \u00dearna voru h\u00f6fu\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0var nefndarinnar \u00feann t\u00edma, sem h\u00fan starfa\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, og \u00fearna bj\u00f3 Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson til dau\u00f0adags.<\/p>\n

Svo vir\u00f0ist sem flj\u00f3tlega eftir komuna til \u00cdslands, hafi Eyj\u00f3lfur l\u00e1ti\u00f0 reisa litla athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0 n\u00e1l\u00e6gt tugth\u00fasinu \u00e1 kostna\u00f0 r\u00edkisins. Lauritz A. Thodal<\/a> stiftamtma\u00f0ur, sem Eyj\u00f3lfur \u00e1tti eftir a\u00f0 eiga mikil samskipti vi\u00f0 n\u00e6stu fimm \u00e1rin, nefnir st\u00f6\u00f0ina nokkrum sinnum \u00ed br\u00e9fum s\u00ednum. \u00dea\u00f0 ger\u00f0ist s\u00ed\u00f0ast \u00ed september 1776, r\u00famu \u00e1ri eftir l\u00e1t Eyj\u00f3lfs, \u00feegar leifar af h\u00fasinu voru seldar \u00e1 opinberu uppbo\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

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M\u00e1lverk J\u00f3ns Helgasonar<\/a> biskups af Reykjav\u00edk, eins og hann \u00edmynda\u00f0i s\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00feorpi\u00f0 hef\u00f0i liti\u00f0 \u00fat upp \u00far 1770. Myndina bygg\u00f0i hann m.a. \u00e1 Reykjav\u00edkuruppdr\u00e6tti Rasmusar Lievogs fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1787. Tugth\u00fasi\u00f0 (n\u00faverandi Stj\u00f3rnarr\u00e1\u00f0sh\u00fas) er st\u00f3ra hv\u00edta h\u00fasi\u00f0 h\u00e6gra megin \u00e1 myndinni, austan vi\u00f0 L\u00e6kinn. \u00dear bj\u00f3 Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1770 til 1775. Hann stunda\u00f0i jafnframt m\u00e6lingar \u00ed l\u00edtilli athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0 \u00ed n\u00e6sta n\u00e1grenni. N\u00e6r m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 Reykjav\u00edkurkirkju og h\u00fas Innr\u00e9ttinganna vi\u00f0 A\u00f0alstr\u00e6ti.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Enginn veit n\u00fa, hvar \u00e1 Arnarh\u00f3li athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0 Eyj\u00f3lfs st\u00f3\u00f0 og uppl\u00fdsingar um m\u00e6lingar hans \u00fear vir\u00f0ast t\u00fdndar og tr\u00f6llum gefnar. Me\u00f0 einni undantekningu \u00fe\u00f3. Fr\u00e1 henni ver\u00f0ur sagt \u00ed n\u00e6sta kafla.<\/p>\n

Konunglegur stj\u00f6rnumeistari \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

A\u00f0 s\u00f6gn Thodals var Eyj\u00f3lfur veikur allan veturinn 1771-72 og \u00feess vegna hafi honum or\u00f0i\u00f0 l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00far verki.<\/p>\n

\u00cd ma\u00ed 1772 kom hins vegar br\u00e9f<\/a> me\u00f0 vorskipi fr\u00e1 Kaupmannah\u00f6fn \u00fear sem tilkynnt var, a\u00f0 Eyj\u00f3lfur v\u00e6ri skipa\u00f0ur stj\u00f6rnumeistari \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Jafnframt eigi hann a\u00f0 taka vi\u00f0 af s\u00e9ra J\u00f3ni Magn\u00fassyni<\/a>, \u00feegar s\u00e1 l\u00e1ti af st\u00f6rfum s\u00f3knarprests \u00e1 Sta\u00f0arsta\u00f0<\/a> \u00e1 Sn\u00e6fellsnesi, hven\u00e6r sem \u00fea\u00f0 n\u00fa ver\u00f0i. \u00deessu fylgdi s\u00e9rstakt erindisbr\u00e9f<\/a> fyrir hinn n\u00fdja stj\u00f6rnumeistara og anna\u00f0 br\u00e9f me\u00f0 fyrirm\u00e6lum<\/a> til Thodals.<\/p>\n

\u00cd erindisbr\u00e9finu segir, a\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnumeistarinn skuli strax, \u00ed samvinnu vi\u00f0 stiftamtmann, finna heppilegan sta\u00f0 fyrir athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0 \u00ed landi Sta\u00f0arsta\u00f0ar og hefja byggingu hennar \u00e1n tafar. \u00cd h\u00fasinu skuli einnig vera vistarverur stj\u00f6rnumeistara.<\/p>\n

\u00dear eigi meistarinn a\u00f0 fylgjast daglega me\u00f0 loft\u00fer\u00fdstingi, hitastigi, vindum og ve\u00f0ri og me\u00f0 hj\u00e1lp stj\u00f6rnuathugana tryggja, a\u00f0 pend\u00falklukkurnar gangi r\u00e9tt. Einnig a\u00f0 fylgjast vel me\u00f0 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mni annarra m\u00e6lit\u00e6kja. H\u00f6fu\u00f0\u00e1herslu beri a\u00f0 leggja \u00e1 m\u00e6lingar til a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0a lengd og breidd athugunarsta\u00f0arins. Ef einhverjir s\u00e9rstakir vi\u00f0bur\u00f0ir ver\u00f0i \u00e1 himni, skuli fylgast grannt me\u00f0 \u00feeim.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00e1 skuli stj\u00f6rnumeistarinn vera \u00ed n\u00e1nu br\u00e9fasambandi vi\u00f0 pr\u00f3fessorinn \u00ed stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la og a\u00f0ra st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega l\u00e6rd\u00f3msmenn \u00ed V\u00edsindaf\u00e9laginu, og fara a\u00f0 fyrirm\u00e6lum \u00feeirra. Hann eigi a\u00f0 halda \u00edtarlega og au\u00f0skilda dagb\u00f3k um m\u00e6lingar s\u00ednar og ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur og senda V\u00edsindaf\u00e9laginu afrit af henni einu sinni \u00e1 \u00e1ri, eftir a\u00f0 stiftamtma\u00f0ur hafi sannreynt og votta\u00f0 afriti\u00f0. Ef hann vanti b\u00e6kur, m\u00e6lit\u00e6ki e\u00f0a handverkf\u00e6ri beri honum a\u00f0 sn\u00faa s\u00e9r til yfirmanna sinna \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn.<\/p>\n

Eyj\u00f3lfi var \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 nota \u00e1fram \u00feau m\u00e6lit\u00e6ki, sem hann haf\u00f0i komi\u00f0 me\u00f0 til \u00cdslands vori\u00f0 1770. A\u00f0 auki segir \u00ed erindisbr\u00e9finu, a\u00f0 fleiri t\u00e6ki hafi ver\u00f0i\u00f0 send a\u00f0 utan og a\u00f0 hann skuli sn\u00faa s\u00e9r til stiftamtmanns til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 \u00feau afhent.<\/p>\n

Ekkert er n\u00fa vita\u00f0 um m\u00e6lit\u00e6kin, sem Christian Horrebow \u00e1, samkv\u00e6mt br\u00e9finu, a\u00f0 hafa sent Thodal vori\u00f0 1772.<\/p>\n

Hausti\u00f0 1772 kom Englendingurinn Sir Joseph Banks<\/a> \u00ed s\u00e9rstakan lei\u00f0angur hinga\u00f0 til lands<\/a> \u00e1samt fr\u00ed\u00f0u f\u00f6runeyti. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed voru me\u00f0al annars s\u00e6nski grasafr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Daniel Solander<\/a>, skoski l\u00e6knirinn og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn James Lind<\/a> og s\u00e6nski gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Uno von Troil<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt Lind hafi veri\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn \u00ed h\u00f3pnum, var \u00fea\u00f0 von Troil, sem f\u00f3r \u00ed heims\u00f3kn til Eyj\u00f3lfs J\u00f3nssonar \u00ed athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0ina \u00e1 Arnarh\u00f3li. \u00cd verkinu Bref r\u00f6rande en resa til Island<\/a>, sem hann birti fimm \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar, segir Troil fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 Eyj\u00f3lfur hafi s\u00fdnt s\u00e9r s\u00e9rsm\u00ed\u00f0a\u00f0an sj\u00f3nauka, \u00e6tla\u00f0an til athugana \u00e1 s\u00f3linni og noti \u00fe\u00e1 jafnan lj\u00f3ss\u00edur \u00far hrafntinnu (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar \u00ed \u00feessari f\u00e6rslu<\/a>). Er \u00feetta eina heimildin, sem \u00e9g hef fundi\u00f0 um athuganir Eyj\u00f3lfs \u00e1 Arnarh\u00f3li.<\/p>\n

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D\u00f6nsku kaupmannsh\u00fasin \u00ed Hafnarfir\u00f0i hausti\u00f0 1772. Til hli\u00f0ar vi\u00f0 h\u00fasin, vinstra megin, fylgist \u00edslensk kona me\u00f0 doktor James Lind (e\u00f0a manni \u00e1 hans vegum) framkv\u00e6ma m\u00e6lingar me\u00f0 Ramsden-sj\u00f3nauka<\/a>. Svarthv\u00edt eftirprentun af vatnslitamynd Johns Cleveley Jr.<\/a> \u00deeir Lind og Clevelay voru b\u00e1\u00f0ir \u00fe\u00e1tttakendur \u00ed lei\u00f0angri Banks.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sta\u00f0ur fyrir n\u00fdja stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Thodal stiftamtma\u00f0ur skrifa\u00f0i r\u00e1\u00f0am\u00f6nnum hausti\u00f0 1772 og tj\u00e1\u00f0i \u00feeim, a\u00f0 ekki hafi veri\u00f0 h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 hefja byggingu athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0var \u00e1 Sta\u00f0arsta\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 um sumari\u00f0. Ein af \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0unum s\u00e9u veikindi Eyj\u00f3lfs. \u00deau s\u00e9u reyndar svo alvarleg, a\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnumeistarinn muni varla vera f\u00e6r um a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3na prestsemb\u00e6tti. Thodal leggur \u00fev\u00ed til, a\u00f0 athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0in ver\u00f0i reist n\u00e6rri Bessast\u00f6\u00f0um. \u00dear s\u00e9 f\u00f3lksfleira en \u00e1 Sta\u00f0arsta\u00f0 og au\u00f0veldara um allt eftirlit (fyrra atri\u00f0i\u00f0 mun v\u00edsa til \u00feess, a\u00f0 \u00feegar h\u00e9r var komi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu var Eyj\u00f3lfur or\u00f0inn mj\u00f6g \u00feunglyndur).<\/p>\n

Vori\u00f0 1773 barst svar<\/a> fr\u00e1 Kaupmannah\u00f6fn, \u00fear sem fallist var \u00e1 till\u00f6gu stiftamtmanns og jafnframt gefin frekar lo\u00f0in fyrirm\u00e6li um byggingu athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0var \u00e1 Bessast\u00f6\u00f0um. Eyj\u00f3lfur br\u00e1st flj\u00f3tt vi\u00f0 og teikna\u00f0i tilt\u00f6lulega n\u00e1kv\u00e6man uppdr\u00e1tt a\u00f0 tveggja h\u00e6\u00f0a turnh\u00fasi me\u00f0 \u00edb\u00fa\u00f0 fyrir stj\u00f6rnumeistara \u00e1 ne\u00f0ri h\u00e6\u00f0inni og stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feeirri efri. Teikninguna sendi hann s\u00ed\u00f0an til Thodals \u00e1 Bessast\u00f6\u00f0um, \u00e1samt kostna\u00f0ar\u00e1\u00e6tlun.<\/p>\n

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Teikning Eyj\u00f3lfs J\u00f3nssonar fr\u00e1 1773 af sameiginlegu \u00edb\u00fa\u00f0arh\u00fasi og stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0: \u00c1 ne\u00f0ri h\u00e6\u00f0 er A<\/em> stofa, B<\/em> svefnherbergi, C<\/em> eldh\u00fas og F<\/em> bor\u00f0stofa. D<\/em> er bur\u00f0arveggur, sem n\u00e6r upp a\u00f0 hanabj\u00e1lka og myndar undirst\u00f6\u00f0u fyrir kva\u00f0rantinn<\/a>. \u00cd turninum er E<\/em> athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0in me\u00f0 hl\u00f6\u00f0num veggjum, g<\/em> og G<\/em>, en hinir veggirnir tveir eru \u00far timbri. Turn\u00feaki\u00f0 er samsett \u00far fj\u00f3rum hlemmum \u00e1 hj\u00f6rum. \u00deeim er haldi\u00f0 uppi af fj\u00f3rum sperrum, sem koma saman \u00ed h<\/em> og eru jafnframt nota\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 opna hlemmana.\u00a0 H\u00e1g\u00f6nguk\u00edki<\/a> er \u00e6tla\u00f0ur sta\u00f0ur \u00e1 veggnum g<\/em>. Pend\u00falklukkurnar<\/a> \u00e1 hins vegar a\u00f0 festa \u00e1 vegginn G<\/em>, sitt hvoru megin vi\u00f0 dyrnar a\u00f0 turninum. S\u00fa hli\u00f0 h\u00fassins, sem s\u00fdnd er \u00e1 myndinni, sn\u00fdr \u00ed su\u00f0ur og \u00fear er gengi\u00f0 inn. Teikningin er var\u00f0veitt \u00e1 \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0skjalasafni \u00cdslands<\/em> \u00e1samt l\u00fdsingu og kostna\u00f0ar\u00e1\u00e6tlun.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Thodal vir\u00f0ist ekki hafa veri\u00f0 fyllilega s\u00e1ttur vi\u00f0 \u00feessar hugmyndir og hausti\u00f0 1773 stakk hann upp \u00e1 n\u00fdrri og sennilega \u00f3d\u00fdrari lausn. H\u00fan var s\u00fa, a\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnumeistarinn fengi sm\u00e1b\u00fdli\u00f0 Lambh\u00fas \u00e1 Bessasta\u00f0anesi til \u00f3keypis b\u00fasetu og a\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0in yr\u00f0i \u00e1 turni hinnar n\u00fdju Bessasta\u00f0akirkju<\/a>, sem \u00fe\u00e1 var n\u00fdbyrja\u00f0 a\u00f0 reisa. \u00de\u00f3tt sl\u00edk lausn t\u00e6ki v\u00e6ntanlega sinn t\u00edma, \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e6tti \u00fea\u00f0 ekki a\u00f0 valda vandr\u00e6\u00f0um. Stj\u00f6rnumeistarinn b\u00fai enn \u00e1 Arnarh\u00f3li og noti athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0ina \u00fear til stjarnm\u00e6linga, \u00feegar hann hafi heilsu og l\u00f6ngun til.<\/p>\n

Eftr talsver\u00f0ar umr\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn, \u00e1kv\u00e1\u00f0u yfirv\u00f6ld a\u00f0 fallast \u00e1 till\u00f6gu Thodals og sendu br\u00e9f<\/a> \u00fear a\u00f0 l\u00fatandi til \u00cdslands vori\u00f0 1774. Vonarbr\u00e9fi\u00f0 fyrir Sta\u00f0arsta\u00f0 var jafnframt afturkalla\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 var s\u00e9rstaklega teki\u00f0 fram, a\u00f0 dugi fj\u00e1r\u00f6flun ekki fyrir byggingu kirkjuturns, ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 reisa vi\u00f0eigandi athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Lambh\u00fas.<\/p>\n

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Korti\u00f0 s\u00fdnir hvar b\u00e6rinn Lambh\u00fas st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma, um \u00fea\u00f0 bil 330 metrum su\u00f0vestur af dyrum Bessasta\u00f0akirkju. \u00dearna eru n\u00fa engin sj\u00e1anleg merki, hvorki um b\u00e6inn n\u00e9 stj\u00f6rnuturninn, sem \u00e1 endanum var reistur fyrir Rasmus Lievog \u00e1ri\u00f0 1783. Myndin er \u00far grein J\u00f3ns Ey\u00fe\u00f3rssonar<\/a> fr\u00e1 1962 (bls. 43).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 var ekki fyrr en sumari\u00f0 1775, sem endanlega var\u00f0 lj\u00f3st, a\u00f0 ekki yr\u00f0i h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 reisa turn vi\u00f0 Bessasta\u00f0akirkju a\u00f0 sinni (turnbyggingunni lauk ekki fyrr en 1823). \u00de\u00e1 fyrst \u00e1kva\u00f0 Thodal a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta reisa stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Lambh\u00fas.<\/p>\n

Byrja\u00f0 var a\u00f0 grafa fyrir h\u00fasinu um mi\u00f0jan j\u00fal\u00ed og \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir veikindin var Eyj\u00f3lfur stj\u00f6rnumeistari \u00fear vi\u00f0 eftirlit tveimur d\u00f6gum fyrir andl\u00e1ti\u00f0. Vi\u00f0 fr\u00e1fall hans, 21. j\u00fal\u00ed 1775, var h\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 verki\u00f0. Ekkert er um \u00fea\u00f0 vita\u00f0, hvernig \u00feessi athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0 \u00e1tti a\u00f0 l\u00edta \u00fat e\u00f0a hvernig st\u00f3\u00f0 til a\u00f0 innr\u00e9tta hana.<\/p>\n

Pers\u00f3nuleg umm\u00e6li um Eyj\u00f3lf m\u00e1 finna \u00ed me\u00f0m\u00e6labr\u00e9fum og \u00f6\u00f0rum br\u00e9fum samfer\u00f0amanna. Af \u00feeim m\u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0a, a\u00f0 hann hafi veri\u00f0 \u00ed miklum metum og g\u00e6ddur einst\u00f6kum h\u00e6fileikum til margra verka. Sem d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 nefna br\u00e9f Bjarna P\u00e1lssonar<\/a> landl\u00e6knis til Finns J\u00f3nsonar<\/a> biskups nokkru eftir jar\u00f0arf\u00f6r Eyj\u00f3lfs \u00ed \u00e1g\u00fast 1775. \u00dear segir me\u00f0al annars:<\/p>\n

Enginn veit hva\u00f0 \u00e1tt hefir fyrr en mist hefir! og svo mun margur sakna mann\u00e6ru, hugvits, l\u00e6rd\u00f3ms og handa J\u00f3nsson\u00edusar, sem allt var exstans supra vulgus!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Eyj\u00f3lfur Moh og <\/span><\/em>Rasmus Lievog<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Christian Horrebow var miki\u00f0 \u00ed mun, a\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnuathugunum yr\u00f0i haldi\u00f0 \u00e1fram \u00e1 \u00cdslandi eftir l\u00e1t Eyj\u00f3lfs. \u00cd br\u00e9fi til stj\u00f3rnvalda \u00ed mars 1776 segir hann, a\u00f0 miklu hafi veri\u00f0 til kosta\u00f0 n\u00fa \u00feegar og \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri til ska\u00f0a\u00a0\u201eom saa ypperlig en Indretning skulde undergaae, som baade sigter til videnskapernes framv\u00e6gt, Islands opkomst, og Mathematiquens dyrkelse og anseelsi i Norden\u201c. Hann hafi \u00fev\u00ed flj\u00f3tlega fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 svipast um eftir efni \u00ed n\u00fdjan \u00edslenskan stj\u00f6rnumeistara og a\u00f0 lokum fundi\u00f0 efnilegan ungan nema \u00ed \u00farsm\u00ed\u00f0i, Eyj\u00f3lf Moh (J\u00f3nsson)<\/a>, sem stunda\u00f0 hef\u00f0i n\u00e1m vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann. A\u00f0 s\u00f6gn Horrebows t\u00f3k Moh vel \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 taka vi\u00f0 af nafna s\u00ednum \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Hann hef\u00f0i hins vegar \u00ed upphafi haft l\u00edtil sem engin kynni af st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistum e\u00f0a notkun m\u00e6lit\u00e6kja.<\/p>\n

Moh s\u00f3tti t\u00edma \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i og st\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i hj\u00e1 Horrebow veturinn 1775-76 me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0um \u00e1rangri, a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fessorinn vona\u00f0ist til a\u00f0 eftir frekara n\u00e1m vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann og \u00fej\u00e1lfun \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni yr\u00f0i h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 senda hann sem stj\u00f6rnumeistara til \u00cdslands. Til \u00feess \u00feyrfti hann \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 f\u00e1 fri\u00f0 fr\u00e1 brau\u00f0striti. Horrebow lag\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed til, a\u00f0 Moh fengi styrk til a\u00f0 lj\u00faka n\u00e1mi, sem n\u00e6mi launum stj\u00f6rnumeistara \u00ed eitt \u00e1r. \u00c1 \u00feetta f\u00e9llust r\u00e1\u00f0amenn me\u00f0 br\u00e9fi<\/a> \u00ed ma\u00ed 1776. Me\u00f0 \u00feessu lauk afskiptum Christians Horrebow af m\u00e1linu, \u00fev\u00ed hann l\u00e9st nokkrum m\u00e1nu\u00f0um s\u00ed\u00f0ar, 58 \u00e1ra gamall.<\/p>\n

Thomas Bugge t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 af Horrebow sem pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1777 og var\u00f0 jafnframt yfirstj\u00f6rnumeistari \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00e1herslur hans \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum hafi veri\u00f0 a\u00f0rar en Horrebows (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar h\u00e9r<\/a>) \u00fe\u00e1 lag\u00f0i hann, eins og forveri hans, miki\u00f0 upp \u00far rekstri l\u00edtilla athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0va v\u00edtt og breitt um Danaveldi.<\/p>\n

R\u00f3t vir\u00f0ist hafa komi\u00f0 \u00e1 Moh vi\u00f0 dau\u00f0a Horrebows. Vori\u00f0 1778 segir Bugge fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 allt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hann f\u00e9kk styrkinn hafi Moh, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir \u00e1minningar, hvorki s\u00f3tt fyrirlestra n\u00e9 m\u00e6tt til stj\u00f6rnuathugana \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni. Lj\u00f3st s\u00e9 \u201eat han ingen alvorlig Lyst har til Astronomien\u201c.<\/p>\n

Jafnframt getur Bugge \u00feess, a\u00f0 hann hafi fundi\u00f0 annan st\u00fadent, Rasmus Lievog, sem s\u00e9 b\u00e6\u00f0i har\u00f0duglegur og vel a\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i. Hann hafi einnig fengi\u00f0 \u00fej\u00e1lfun \u00ed stjarnm\u00e6lingum og geti gert vi\u00f0 m\u00e6lit\u00e6kin, ef \u00fe\u00f6rf krefji. Lievog s\u00e9 rei\u00f0ub\u00fainn a\u00f0 halda til \u00cdslands n\u00e6sta \u00e1r og taka \u00fear vi\u00f0 starfi stj\u00f6rnumeistara. Bugge leggur til, a\u00f0 styrkurinn, sem \u00e6tla\u00f0ur s\u00e9 ver\u00f0andi stj\u00f6rnumeistara (og Moh haf\u00f0i \u00e1\u00f0ur), ver\u00f0i n\u00fa nota\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 sty\u00f0ja vi\u00f0 baki\u00f0 \u00e1 Lievog og jafnframt til kaupa \u00e1 nau\u00f0synlegum b\u00f3kum og t\u00f6flum.<\/p>\n

\u00c1 \u00feetta var fallist<\/a> sumari\u00f0 1778 og\u00a0 \u00ed apr\u00edl \u00e1ri\u00f0 eftir var Rasmus Lievog skipa\u00f0ur<\/a> stj\u00f6rnumeistari \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Hann kom til landsins hausti\u00f0 1779, r\u00famum fj\u00f3rum \u00e1rum eftir l\u00e1t Eyj\u00f3lfs J\u00f3nssonar. \u00de\u00e1 var mannfj\u00f6ldi \u00e1 \u00cdslandi innan vi\u00f0 fimmt\u00edu \u00fe\u00fasund og a\u00f0eins t\u00e6p fj\u00f6gur \u00e1r \u00ed Skaft\u00e1relda<\/a> og\u00a0M\u00f3\u00f0uhar\u00f0indin<\/a>.<\/p>\n

H\u00e9r er fjalla\u00f0 um Rasmus Lievog<\/a> og st\u00f6rf hans \u00e1 \u00cdslandi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Uppl\u00fdsingarma\u00f0urinn Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 teljast fyrsti eiginlegi stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingur \u00cdslendinga. Hann lauk gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ipr\u00f3fi fr\u00e1 Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00ed \u00e1rslok 1766 og var s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0sto\u00f0arstj\u00f6rnumeistari \u00ed stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0inni \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni \u00ed nokkur \u00e1r. \u00dear hlaut hann \u00fej\u00e1lfun \u00ed notkun m\u00e6lit\u00e6kja og margv\u00edslegum stjarnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum \u00fatreikningum. Vori\u00f0 1770 sneri hann aftur til \u00cdslands sem ritari landsnefndarinnar fyrri og jafnframt var honum […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-atjanda-oldin","category-stjornufraedi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2214","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2214"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2214\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2214"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2214"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2214"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}