{"id":2959,"date":"2017-12-03T14:37:28","date_gmt":"2017-12-03T14:37:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/?p=2959"},"modified":"2017-12-03T14:37:28","modified_gmt":"2017-12-03T14:37:28","slug":"rit-eftir-islendinga-a-laerdomsold-staerdfraedilegar-laerdomslistir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/?p=2959","title":{"rendered":"Rit eftir \u00cdslendinga \u00e1 l\u00e6rd\u00f3ms\u00f6ld: St\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistir"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00fdlega rakst \u00e9g fyrir algj\u00f6ra tilviljun \u00e1\u00a0stutta grein<\/a> \u00ed Menntam\u00e1lum<\/em>. \u00dear er birtur listi yfir \u00edslenskar reikningsb\u00e6kur \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu fr\u00e1 1746 til 1915. Jafnframt er skora\u00f0 \u00e1 lesendur a\u00f0 halda g\u00f6mlum kennslub\u00f3kum til haga. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00deessi \u00e1g\u00e6ta gamla grein var\u00f0 af einhverjum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um til \u00feess, a\u00f0 \u00e9g t\u00f3k mig til og setti saman eftirfarandi f\u00e6rslu. H\u00fan fjallar um prentu\u00f0 rit fr\u00e1 l\u00e6rd\u00f3ms\u00f6ld (\u00fea\u00f0 er fr\u00e1 1550 til 1750) um efni, sem flokkast undir st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistir. Ritin eru flest frumsamin af \u00cdslendingum, anna\u00f0hvort \u00e1 \u00edslensku e\u00f0a lat\u00ednu, en sum eru \u00fe\u00fddd. Flest sty\u00f0jast \u00feau \u00fe\u00f3 eflaust vi\u00f0 erlendar fyrirmyndir.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cd fyrri f\u00e6rslu var talsvert r\u00e6tt um\u00a0st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistir<\/a> og v\u00edsa \u00e9g \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 umfj\u00f6llun til frekari skilningsauka. Til samanbur\u00f0ar m\u00e1 jafnframt benda \u00e1 tv\u00e6r ritger\u00f0ir <\/span>um heimildir \u00cdslendinga \u00e1 l\u00e6rd\u00f3ms\u00f6ld um stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i, n\u00e1tt\u00faruspeki og heimsmynd,\u00a0\u00f6nnur er fr\u00e1 2006<\/a>, en\u00a0hin fr\u00e1 2010<\/a> (sj\u00e1 einnig \u00feessa f\u00e6rslu<\/a>).<\/p>\n

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\u201e\u00c1 tveimur v\u00e6ngjum sv\u00edfum v\u00e9r til himins, talnafr\u00e6\u00f0inni og r\u00famfr\u00e6\u00f0inni.<\/em>\u201c Textinn er \u00far \u00feri\u00f0ju disp\u00fatat\u00edu Magn\u00fasar Arasonar um tungli\u00f0 fr\u00e1 1710, en myndin \u00far verkinu\u00a0Primi mobilis\u00a0tabulae Andreae Argoli<\/a>\u00a0 fr\u00e1 1667. H\u00fan s\u00fdnir A\u00feenu sv\u00edfa um \u00e1 Pegasusi og l\u00fdsa stjarnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum fyrirb\u00e6rum (phaenomena). \u00deetta er \u00feekkt minni \u00far s\u00f6gu st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegra l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslista.
<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00deau verk, sem h\u00e9r ver\u00f0a r\u00e6dd, eru \u00ferenns konar: Disp\u00fatat\u00edur \u00e1 lat\u00ednu, reikningsb\u00e6kur \u00e1 \u00edslensku (og \u00f6\u00f0rum m\u00e1lum) og \u00edslensk alman\u00f6k af \u00fdmsu tagi. Ef einhver veit um fleiri sl\u00edk rit fr\u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma, \u00fe\u00e6tti m\u00e9r v\u00e6nt um a\u00f0 f\u00e1 fr\u00e9ttir af \u00fev\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Disp\u00fatat\u00edur Magn\u00fasar Arasonar<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

St\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega l\u00e6rd\u00f3msmannsins og lat\u00ednusk\u00e1ldsins Magn\u00fasar Arasonar er n\u00fa einkum minnst sem fyrsta \u00edslenska landm\u00e6lingamannsins. Eftir n\u00e1m og st\u00f6rf \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn gekk Magn\u00fas \u00ed mannvirkjasveit danska hersins og var a\u00f0 lokum sendur til \u00cdslands til landm\u00e6linga. Hann drukkna\u00f0i vi\u00f0 sl\u00edk st\u00f6rf \u00e1ri\u00f0 1728. Lesa m\u00e1 um \u00e6vi Magn\u00fasar\u00a0h\u00e9r<\/a>, en \u00edtarlegri l\u00fdsingu \u00e1 n\u00e1mi hans og st\u00f6rfum m\u00e1 finna h\u00e9r<\/a> (bls. 20-25).<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00c1 \u00e1runum 1707 til 1710 disp\u00fatera\u00f0i Magn\u00fas fimm sinnum vi\u00f0 Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la og l\u00e9t prenta alla fyrirlestrana. \u00derj\u00e1r af disp\u00fatat\u00edunum voru um tungli\u00f0, ein um beltaskiptingu jar\u00f0ar og s\u00fa fimmta um \u00fer\u00edhyrningam\u00e6lingar. \u00de\u00e1 gaf hann \u00fat erfilj\u00f3\u00f0 eftir kennara sinn Ole R\u00f8mer.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0Fyrirlestrar um tungli\u00f0<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n
.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n
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Disp\u00fatat\u00edur Magn\u00fasar Arasonar um tungli\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00e1runum 1708 til 1710 eru allar \u00ed fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungsbroti. Samanlagt eru \u00fe\u00e6r 15 stuttir kaflar \u00e1 22 s\u00ed\u00f0um.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
\u00a0\u00cd fyrstu disp\u00fatat\u00edunni<\/a> er r\u00e6tt um tunglslj\u00f3si\u00f0, hvort tungli\u00f0 framlei\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft, e\u00f0a hvort um s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a endurkast fr\u00e1 s\u00f3linni. S\u00ed\u00f0an r\u00e6\u00f0ir Magn\u00fas um kvartilaskipti tunglsins, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al um uppruna or\u00f0sins \u201efasis\u201c (fasi). \u00de\u00e1 l\u00fdsir hann \u00ed sm\u00e1atri\u00f0um breytilegu \u00fatliti tunglsins eftir \u00fev\u00ed hvar \u00fea\u00f0 er statt mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 s\u00f3lina. Einnig fjallar hann stuttlega um mikilv\u00e6gi kvartilaskipta fyrir hin \u00fdmsu t\u00edmat\u00f6l.\u00a0 <\/span><\/div>\n
.<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u00cd\u00a0annarri disp\u00fatat\u00edunni<\/a> fjallar Magn\u00fas um fornar og n\u00fdjar hugmyndir um hugsanlegan lofthj\u00fap \u00e1 tunglinu og heldur \u00fev\u00ed fram, a\u00f0 \u00fear s\u00e9 ekkert andr\u00famsloft. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed sambandi bendir hann \u00e1, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u201efyrir l\u00f6ngu alkunna af stj\u00f6rnum, sem hverfa ef \u00fe\u00e6r ganga \u00e1 bak vi\u00f0 tungli\u00f0 og koma fram undan aftur og sj\u00e1st sk\u00fdrt \u00ed stj\u00f6rnuk\u00edki b\u00e6\u00f0i undan og eftir fast vi\u00f0 tunglja\u00f0arinn<\/em>\u201c. S\u00ed\u00f0an r\u00e6\u00f0ir Magn\u00fas fram og aftur um \u00fe\u00e1 sta\u00f0reynd, a\u00f0 \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edma, nema vi\u00f0 tunglmyrkva, s\u00e9 r\u00famlega helmingur tunglsins uppl\u00fdstur af s\u00f3larlj\u00f3si. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an s\u00e9 s\u00fa, a\u00f0 s\u00f3lin s\u00e9 st\u00e6rri en tungli\u00f0.<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00deri\u00f0ja og s\u00ed\u00f0asta disp\u00fatat\u00edan<\/a> fjallar um atri\u00f0i, er me\u00f0al annars tengjast heimsmynd stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0innar. Eftir sk\u00e1ldlegan form\u00e1la um \u00e1g\u00e6ti talnafr\u00e6\u00f0i og r\u00famfr\u00e6\u00f0i beitir Magn\u00fas a\u00f0fer\u00f0 Aristarkosar fr\u00e1 Samos<\/a> til a\u00f0 finna fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0ina til s\u00f3lar. S\u00ed\u00f0an notar hann \u00feri\u00f0ja l\u00f6gm\u00e1l Keplers<\/a> til a\u00f0 finna fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0 hinna reikistjarnanna fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0punkti s\u00f3lkerfisins.<\/p>\n

Magn\u00fas l\u00fdkur \u00feri\u00f0ju disp\u00fatat\u00edunni me\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a um lengdar\u00e1kvar\u00f0anir. Hann tekur fram, a\u00f0 venjulega s\u00e9 lengdarmunur sta\u00f0a fundinn me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 atbur\u00f0um \u00e1 himni, sem h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 t\u00edmasetja n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega \u00e1 b\u00e1\u00f0um st\u00f6\u00f0um. Til d\u00e6mis megi nota s\u00f3l- og tunglmyrkva \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi og ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur myrkva J\u00fap\u00edterstungla. Hann heldur \u00fev\u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0an fram, a\u00f0 einnig megi hafa gagn \u201eaf kvartilaskiptum tunglsins og hven\u00e6r birta fellur \u00e1 au\u00f0\u00feekkt kennileiti \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0i \u00feess<\/em>\u201c.<\/p>\n

Fjalla\u00f0 er um disp\u00fatat\u00edur Magn\u00fasar um tungli\u00f0 \u00ed frekari sm\u00e1atri\u00f0um \u00ed grein Einars H. Gu\u00f0mundssonar fr\u00e1 2008<\/a> (bls. 18-19).<\/p>\n

Beltaskipting jar\u00f0arinnar<\/em><\/p>\n

Fyrirlestur Magn\u00fasar Arasonar,\u00a0Um belti jar\u00f0a<\/a>r<\/a>,<\/em> var haldinn \u00e1ri\u00f0 1707 og fjalla\u00f0i, eins og nafni\u00f0 gefur til kynna, um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig gangur s\u00f3lar \u00e1 hvelfingunni \u00e1kvar\u00f0ar hin svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u loftslagsbelti. Beltin eru tekin fyrir hvert af \u00f6\u00f0ru og eiginleikum \u00feeirra l\u00fdst \u00ed nokkrum sm\u00e1atri\u00f0um, me\u00f0al annars ve\u00f0urfari og hva\u00f0a \u00e1hrif s\u00f3lin hefur \u00e1 l\u00edf \u00feeirra, sem \u00fear b\u00faa.<\/p>\n

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Til vinstri er fors\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 disp\u00fatat\u00edu Magn\u00fasar Arasonar, Um belti jar\u00f0ar<\/em>, fr\u00e1 1707. –<\/strong> Til h\u00e6gri er fors\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 b\u00e6klingi hans fr\u00e1 1710 me\u00f0 erfilj\u00f3\u00f0inu um Ole R\u00f8mer<\/em>.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Minningarlj\u00f3\u00f0 um Ole R\u00f8mer<\/em><\/p>\n

Erfilj\u00f3\u00f0 Magn\u00fasar<\/a> um fyrrum kennara sinn og fyrirmynd, Ole R\u00f8mer<\/a>, er haft me\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessari upptalningu \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 fjallar a\u00f0 verulegu leyti um afrek R\u00f8mers \u00e1 svi\u00f0i st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegra l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslista. Me\u00f0al annars er ort um \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un hans \u00e1 endanlegum hra\u00f0a lj\u00f3ssins, h\u00f6nnun og sm\u00ed\u00f0i stjarnm\u00e6lingat\u00e6kja og l\u00edk\u00f6n hans af hreyfingu himintungla.<\/p>\n

Einfaldar \u00fer\u00edhyrningam\u00e6lingar
\n<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00c1 d\u00f6gum Magn\u00fasar Arasonar voru \u00fer\u00edhyrningam\u00e6lingar og kortager\u00f0 eitt af virkustu svi\u00f0um hagn\u00fdttrar st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i og eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur sag\u00f0i, var\u00f0 hann me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum fyrsti \u00edslenski landm\u00e6lingama\u00f0urinn. \u00d6nnur af tveimur disp\u00fatat\u00edum hans fr\u00e1 1710 <\/i>fjallar um \u00feau fr\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e1 nokku\u00f0 s\u00e9rs\u00f6kum sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li (hin var \u00feri\u00f0ja disp\u00fatat\u00eda hans um tungli\u00f0).<\/p>\n

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Fors\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 disp\u00fatat\u00edu Magn\u00fasar, Um einfaldari hj\u00e1lpart\u00e6ki \u00ed flatarm\u00e1lsfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/em>,<\/i> fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed desember 1710.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cd upphafi disp\u00fatat\u00edunnar,\u00a0Um einfaldari hj\u00e1lpart\u00e6ki \u00ed flatarm\u00e1lsfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>,<\/i> segir Magn\u00fas a\u00f0 tilgangur hennar s\u00e9, a\u00f0 s\u00fdna \u201ehvernig h\u00e6gt er me\u00f0 prikum einum a\u00f0 kanna fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0ir tiltekinna sta\u00f0a, eins \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feeir s\u00e9u \u00f3a\u00f0gengilegir, einnig breidd flj\u00f3ta og st\u00e6r\u00f0 hva\u00f0a horna sem vera skal \u00e1 v\u00ed\u00f0avangi. Og prikin gera sama gagn og alls kyns skrautlegt og r\u00e1nd\u00fdrt verkf\u00e6raprj\u00e1l sem afla ver\u00f0ur me\u00f0 meiri t\u00edmas\u00f3un og fyrirh\u00f6fn<\/em>\u201c. A\u00f0fer\u00f0 Magn\u00fasar byggist \u00e1 flatarm\u00e1lsfr\u00e6\u00f0i og disp\u00fatat\u00edan er \u00fev\u00ed myndskreytt. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nari umfj\u00f6llun h\u00e9r<\/a> (bls. 22).<\/p>\n

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Opna \u00far disp\u00fatat\u00edu Magn\u00fasar, Um <\/i>einfaldari<\/i> hj\u00e1lpart\u00e6ki<\/i> \u00ed<\/i> flatarm\u00e1lsfr\u00e6\u00f0i,<\/i> fr\u00e1 1710. Ekki var algengt \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn \u00feess t\u00edma, a\u00f0 menn birtu teikningar \u00ed prentu\u00f0um h\u00e1sk\u00f3laritger\u00f0um, eins og h\u00e9r er gert. Til d\u00e6mis eru engar myndir \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum disp\u00fatat\u00edum Magn\u00fasar.
<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00deetta var s\u00ed\u00f0asta verki\u00f0 sem Magn\u00fas samdi \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn og sk\u00f6mmu s\u00ed\u00f0ar ger\u00f0ist hann \u201everkfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur\u201c (ingenieur) \u00ed mannvirkjasveit danska hersins.<\/p>\n

St\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ib\u00e6kur \u00e1 l\u00e6rd\u00f3ms\u00f6ld<\/span>
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u00edti\u00f0 er um \u00fea\u00f0 vita\u00f0, hversu miki\u00f0 vald \u00cdslendingar \u00e1 l\u00e6rd\u00f3ms\u00f6ld h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00e1 grunngreinum st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0innar,\u00a0talnafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> og flatarm\u00e1lsfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>. \u00deekking al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0unnar hefur eflaust veri\u00f0 takm\u00f6rku\u00f0, og sennilega voru \u00fea\u00f0 n\u00e6r eing\u00f6ngu l\u00e6r\u00f0ir menn, sem eitthva\u00f0 kunnu \u00ed \u00feessum fr\u00e6\u00f0um.<\/p>\n

Vita\u00f0 er a\u00f0 Brynj\u00f3lfur Sveinsson<\/a> biskup \u00e1tti gamla \u00fatg\u00e1fu af Frumatri\u00f0um Evkl\u00ed\u00f0s<\/a> me\u00f0 <\/span>\u00fatlistunum \u00feeirra <\/span> Campanusar fr\u00e1 Novara<\/a> og Bartolomeos Zamberti<\/a> (kannski \u00feessa \u00fatg\u00e1fu<\/a>?). Jafnframt \u00e1tti hann talnafr\u00e6\u00f0i eftir Pierre de la Ram\u00e9e<\/a><\/span> me\u00f0 vi\u00f0b\u00f3tum og \u00fatsk\u00fdringum Lazarusar Sch\u00f6ner<\/a> (\u00feessa \u00fatg\u00e1fu<\/a>?). Ekki er vita\u00f0, hvort efni \u00far \u00feessum b\u00f3kum biskups var nota\u00f0 vi\u00f0 kennslu \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholtssk\u00f3la \u00e1 hans d\u00f6gum (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar h\u00e9r<\/a>, bls. 207-10.)<\/p>\n

L\u00edklegt m\u00e1 teljast, a\u00f0 \u00feau prentu\u00f0u rit um talnafr\u00e6\u00f0i og flatarm\u00e1lsfr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem \u00cdslendingar \u00feekktu \u00e1 l\u00e6rd\u00f3ms\u00f6ld, hafi einkum veri\u00f0 kennslub\u00e6kur, sem nota\u00f0ar voru \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma.<\/p>\n

Danski st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Sophus A. Christensen<\/a> telur \u00ed b\u00f3k sinni, Matematikens udvikling i Danmark og Norge i det XVIII. Aarhundrede<\/a>, a\u00f0 hin \u00e1hrifamikla og langl\u00edfa\u00a0 Talnafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> eftir <\/span>Gemma Frisius<\/a>, sem kom fyrst \u00fat 1540 og \u00ed \u00f3tal \u00fatg\u00e1fum s\u00ed\u00f0ar, hafi veri\u00f0 s\u00e1 grunnur, sem reikningskennsla \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku bygg\u00f0ist \u00e1 n\u00e6stu tv\u00e6r aldirnar e\u00f0a svo. \u00cd flatarm\u00e1lsfr\u00e6\u00f0inni var \u00fea\u00f0 hins vegar andi Evkl\u00ed\u00f0s<\/a>, sem sveif yfir v\u00f6tnunum.\u00a0 \u00deegar Danir f\u00f3ru sj\u00e1lfir a\u00f0 skrifa kennslub\u00e6kur \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 fyrri hluta sautj\u00e1ndu aldar\u00a0(fyrst \u00e1 lat\u00ednu, s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku) h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00feeir \u00fev\u00ed frumatri\u00f0i Evkl\u00ed\u00f0s og talnafr\u00e6\u00f0i Fr\u00eds\u00edusar sem fyrirmyndir.<\/p>\n

Eina danska kennslub\u00f3kin \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem vita\u00f0 er me\u00f0 vissu, a\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 \u00feekkt h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma, er Arithmetica Danica<\/a> (1649) eftir pr\u00f3fessor J\u00f8rgen From<\/a>. From var kennari \u00feeirra G\u00edsla \u00deorl\u00e1kssonar<\/a> biskups \u00e1 H\u00f3lum og nafna hans G\u00edsla Einarssonar<\/a>, sem var fyrsti konungsskipa\u00f0i kennarinn \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistum \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. B\u00f3kin var til \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti og full \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a er til a\u00f0 \u00e6tla, a\u00f0 G\u00edsli Einarsson hafi nota\u00f0 hana vi\u00f0 kennslu s\u00edna \u00fear. Einnig m\u00e1 nefna, a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e6vis\u00f6gu sinni segir Sk\u00fali Magn\u00fasson<\/a> landf\u00f3geti fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fa\u00f0ir hans, s\u00e9ra Magn\u00fas Einarsson<\/a>, hafi sami\u00f0 handrit a\u00f0 reikningsb\u00f3k, sem sni\u00f0in var eftir b\u00f3k Froms.<\/p>\n

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Til vinstri er fors\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 Arithmetica Danica<\/em>, kennslub\u00f3k Froms fr\u00e1 1649. –<\/strong> Til h\u00e6gri er fors\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 fyrstu prentu\u00f0u reikningsb\u00f3kinni \u00e1 \u00edslensku, L\u00edti\u00f0 \u00e1grip um \u00fe\u00e6r fj\u00f3rar species \u00ed reikningskonstinni<\/em>, fr\u00e1 1746.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fyrsta og reyndar eina kennslub\u00f3kin \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem kom \u00fat \u00e1 \u00edslensku \u00e1 l\u00e6rd\u00f3ms\u00f6ld, var l\u00edti\u00f0 14 s\u00ed\u00f0na reikningskver, L\u00edti\u00f0 \u00e1grip um \u00fe\u00e6r fj\u00f3rar species \u00ed reikningskonstinni<\/a>, sem\u00a0 Halld\u00f3r Brynj\u00f3lfsson<\/a> biskup gaf \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 1746. Eins og nafni\u00f0 gefur til kynna, er \u00fearna fjalla\u00f0 um t\u00f6lur og einf\u00f6ldustu reiknia\u00f0ger\u00f0irnar (\u201efj\u00f3rar species\u201c), \u00fea\u00f0 er samlagningu, fr\u00e1dr\u00e1tt, margf\u00f6ldun og deilingu. Einnig er r\u00e6tt um helstu m\u00e6lieiningar og gjaldmi\u00f0la.<\/p>\n

Eins og segir \u00e1 fors\u00ed\u00f0unni, er kveri\u00f0 byggt \u00e1 Talnafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> enska l\u00e6rd\u00f3msmannsins Edwards Hatton<\/a>, sem kom \u00ed nokkrum \u00fatg\u00e1fum. Halld\u00f3r notar \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0eins fyrsta hluta b\u00f3karinnar, umskrifar hann og a\u00f0lagar a\u00f0 \u00edslenskum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um. Lj\u00f3st er a\u00f0 b\u00f3k Hattons er skrifu\u00f0 fyrir v\u00ed\u00f0an h\u00f3p lesenda, en \u201e\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing\u201c Halld\u00f3rs er fyrst og fremst \u00e6tlu\u00f0 b\u00e6ndum og b\u00f6rnum. Engar fr\u00e9ttir hef \u00e9g haft af \u00fev\u00ed, hvernig kveri Halld\u00f3rs var teki\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, e\u00f0a hvort \u00fea\u00f0 var einhvers sta\u00f0ar nota\u00f0 vi\u00f0 reikningskennslu.<\/p>\n

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Til vinstri er mynd af Edward Hatton fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1711. –<\/strong> H\u00e6gra megin er m\u00e1lverk fr\u00e1 1746 af Halld\u00f3ri Brynj\u00f3lfssyni H\u00f3labiskupi.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

N\u00e6sta \u00edslenska kennslub\u00f3kin \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i kom ekki \u00fat fyrr en 1780, eftir a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fdsk-danska uppl\u00fdsingin<\/a> haf\u00f0i borist til landsins. Um \u00fe\u00e1 b\u00f3k og \u00f6nnur \u00edslensk st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0irit m\u00e1 lesa \u00ed greinum Krist\u00ednar Bjarnad\u00f3ttur fr\u00e1 2007<\/a>\u00a0 og\u00a0 2013<\/a>. \u00cd annarri grein<\/a> fr\u00e1 2007 gefur Krist\u00edn yfirlit yfir st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0imenntun \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00ed gegnum aldirnar.<\/p>\n

Alman\u00f6k<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cd titli elstu \u00edslensku r\u00edmb\u00f3karinnar, sem var\u00f0veist hefur, Calendarium – \u00edslenskt r\u00edm, svo menn m\u00e6ttu vita hva\u00f0 t\u00edmum \u00e1rsins l\u00ed\u00f0ur, me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed h\u00e9r eru ekki \u00e1rleg alman\u00f6k<\/a> (H\u00f3lum 1597), leynist ekki a\u00f0eins einf\u00f6ld skilgreining \u00e1 hugtakinu r\u00edm, heldur er \u00fear einnig gefi\u00f0 til kynna, a\u00f0 um s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a svokalla\u00f0 eil\u00edf\u00f0arr\u00edm e\u00f0a \u00e6varandi t\u00edmatal (calendarium perpetuum<\/i>). Sl\u00edkt almanak m\u00e1 nota \u00e1rum saman me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fylgja s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum reglum, sem fjalla\u00f0 er um \u00ed seinni hluta b\u00f3karinnar.<\/p>\n

H\u00e9r \u00e1 landi var n\u00e6r eing\u00f6ngu notast vi\u00f0 eil\u00edf\u00f0arr\u00edm fram til \u00e1rsins 1837, \u00feegar fyrsta \u00e1rlega almanaki\u00f0 fyrir \u00cdsland<\/a> kom \u00fat \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. Fram a\u00f0 \u00feeim t\u00edma mun \u00fe\u00f3 stundum hafa veri\u00f0 stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 d\u00f6nsk alman\u00f6k<\/a>. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1684 \u00fe\u00fdddu nokkrir \u00edslenskir Hafnarst\u00fadentar til d\u00e6mis \u00e1rlegt almanak eftir Bagge Wandel<\/a> \u00e1 \u00edslensku. \u00dea\u00f0 kom \u00fe\u00f3 ekki a\u00f0 fullum notum, enda var \u00fea\u00f0 reikna\u00f0 fyrir hnattst\u00f6\u00f0u Kaupmannahafnar. Ekkert framhald var\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 \u00feeirri \u00fatg\u00e1fustarfsemi.<\/p>\n

R\u00edmb\u00e6kur H\u00f3last\u00f3ls
\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Fyrsta prenta\u00f0a \u00edslenska r\u00edm<\/span>tali\u00f0 <\/span>er a\u00f0 <\/span>\u00f6llum l\u00edkindum <\/span>Calendarium Islandicum<\/em>, <\/span>sem <\/span>Gu\u00f0brandur \u00deorl\u00e1ksson<\/a> <\/span> biskup setti framan <\/span>vi\u00f0 <\/span>b\u00e6nab\u00f3kina, <\/span>er <\/span>hann <\/span>gaf \u00fat \u00e1 <\/span>H\u00f3lum \u00e1ri\u00f0 <\/span>1576. S\u00fa b\u00f3k mun ekki lengur til.
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H\u00f3labiskuparnir Arngr\u00edmur J\u00f3nsson (til vinstri) og Gu\u00f0brandur \u00deorl\u00e1ksson (til h\u00e6gri)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
N\u00e6st <\/span>\u00ed <\/span>r\u00f6\u00f0inni var<\/span> r\u00edmb\u00f3kin Calendarium – \u00edslenskt r\u00edm<\/a><\/span>,<\/span><\/em> sem kom \u00fat<\/span> 1597 og \u00feegar hefur veri\u00f0 minnst \u00e1. B\u00f3kin er venjulega kennd vi\u00f0 <\/span> Arngr\u00edm J\u00f3nsson<\/a> <\/span> l\u00e6r\u00f0a, en l\u00edklegt ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 teljast, a\u00f0 Gu\u00f0brandur hafi einnig komi\u00f0 \u00fear a\u00f0 m\u00e1lum. R\u00edmi\u00f0<\/span> kom \u00fat <\/span>aftur l\u00edtilega breytt \u00e1ri\u00f0 <\/span>1611 undir nafninu Calendarium – r\u00edm \u00e1 \u00edslensku<\/a>. <\/span><\/div>\n
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Til vinstri: Fors\u00ed\u00f0a r\u00edmb\u00f3karinnar fr\u00e1 1597: Calendarium – \u00edslenskt r\u00edm, svo menn m\u00e6ttu vita hva\u00f0 t\u00edmum \u00e1rsins l\u00ed\u00f0ur, me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed h\u00e9r eru ekki \u00e1rleg alman\u00f6k. Me\u00f0 l\u00edtilli \u00fatsk\u00fdringu, og nokkru fleira sem ei er \u00f3\u00fearflegt a\u00f0 vita<\/em>. –<\/strong> Til h\u00e6gri: S\u00ed\u00f0a \u00far r\u00edmb\u00f3kinni fr\u00e1 1611: Calendarium – r\u00edm \u00e1 \u00edslensku. Svo menn megi vita hva\u00f0 t\u00edmum \u00e1rsins l\u00ed\u00f0ur<\/em>.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

S\u00e9rst\u00f6k \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a er til a\u00f0 nefna, a\u00f0 aftan vi\u00f0 eil\u00edf\u00f0arr\u00edmi\u00f0 \u00ed Calendarium – \u00edslenskt r\u00edm<\/em> hafa \u00feeir H\u00f3lamenn sett t\u00f6flu um g\u00f6ngu s\u00f3lar: N\u00e6r s\u00f3l kemur upp og gengur undir nor\u00f0anlands, v\u00ed\u00f0ast \u00fear sem ekki hamla fj\u00f6ll n\u00e9 h\u00e1lsar<\/a>. Reikningarnir mi\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 hnattst\u00f6\u00f0u H\u00f3la og l\u00edklegast er, a\u00f0 Gu\u00f0brandur s\u00e9 h\u00f6fundurinn. \u00dearna er \u00e1 fer\u00f0inni fyrsti \u00edslenski v\u00edsirinn a\u00f0 \u00e1rlegu almanaki, sem vita\u00f0 er um.<\/p>\n

Almanak G\u00edsla Einarssonar<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Vori\u00f0 1649 var G\u00edsli Einarsson<\/a>\u00a0 skipa\u00f0ur kennari \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistum vi\u00f0 Sk\u00e1lholtssk\u00f3la. Af \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um, sem m\u00e9r eru ekki kunnar, er hann kalla\u00f0ur Gisloff Eivertsen \u00ed skipunarbr\u00e9finu<\/a> (br\u00e9f nr. VIII). (Sj\u00e1 meira um G\u00edsla h\u00e9r<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

Sennilega hefur G\u00edsli hafi\u00f0 kennslust\u00f6rf strax um hausti\u00f0, en sk\u00f6mmu \u00e1\u00f0ur en hann f\u00f3r fr\u00e1 Kaupmannah\u00f6fn reikna\u00f0i hann\u00a0danskt almanak fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1650 og undirbj\u00f3 prentun \u00feess \u00ed tveimur mismunandi \u00fatg\u00e1fum. Anna\u00f0 er venjulegt 24 s\u00ed\u00f0na \u00e1rlegt almanak \u00ed mj\u00f6g sm\u00e1u (\u201esext\u00e1n bla\u00f0a\u201c) broti: Almanach Paa det Aar […] MDCL<\/a>, reikna\u00f0 fyrir hnattst\u00f6\u00f0u Kaupmannahafnar.<\/p>\n

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Fors\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 hinu danska almanaki G\u00edsla Einarssonar fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1650: Almanach Paa det Aar Effter vor Frelseris Jesu Christi F\u00f8dsel M. DC. L. Beregnit effter Planeternes Lob, Til Elevatioem, poli, gr. 55. min. 43. under hvilcken Kiobenhaffn ligger, Aff Gislao Enario Islando, Mathematum Studioso.<\/em><\/span>
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Hitt er svokalla\u00f0 skrif-almanak, 56 s\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00e1ttbl\u00f6\u00f0ungsbroti me\u00f0 sama dagatali og hi\u00f0 fyrra, en me\u00f0 st\u00f3rum ey\u00f0um \u00e1 milli daga, sem \u00e6tla\u00f0ar eru fyrir athugasemdir og minnispunkta eigandans: Schriff Calender, Paa det Aar effter vor Herris Jesu Christi F\u00f8dsel M. DC. L. Beregnet Aff Gislao Enario Islando.<\/em><\/p>\n

Um almanak G\u00edsla Einarssonar, sem og \u00fdmis \u00f6nnur alman\u00f6k, er n\u00e1nar fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed grein Einars H. Gu\u00f0mundssonar fr\u00e1 1998<\/a> (bls. 198-202). \u00dear m\u00e1 einnig lesa um athuganir G\u00edsla \u00e1 halastj\u00f6rnu, sem birtist \u00e1 himni veturinn 1652-53, og hann fylgdist me\u00f0 fr\u00e1 Sk\u00e1lholti.<\/p>\n

G\u00edsli rita\u00f0i Henrik Bjelke<\/a> h\u00f6fu\u00f0smanni um \u00feessar athuganir s\u00ednar, sennilega til a\u00f0 koma \u00feeim \u00e1 framf\u00e6ri \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku. Br\u00e9fi\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur glata\u00f0, en ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur m\u00e6linganna eru til \u00ed endurs\u00f6gn Peders H. Resen<\/a> sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ings (hugsanlega \u00far lagi f\u00e6r\u00f0ar; sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar \u00e1 bls. 210-20 \u00ed \u00e1\u00f0urnefndri grein fr\u00e1 1998).<\/p>\n

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Halastjarnan, sem G\u00edsli Einarsson fylgdist me\u00f0 \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti, eins og h\u00fan leit \u00fat fr\u00e1 Regensburg \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi um j\u00f3lin 1652 (24. til 26. des. skv. n\u00fdja st\u00edl). \u00de\u00e1 var h\u00fan n\u00e1l\u00e6gt sj\u00f6stirninu (sem \u201esn\u00fdr \u00f6fugt\u201c \u00e1 teikningunum vinstra megin). Sta\u00f0setning halastj\u00f6rnunnar \u00e1 myndunum vir\u00f0ist ekki mj\u00f6g n\u00e1kv\u00e6m, eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 me\u00f0 samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 m\u00e6lini\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur<\/a> hins merka stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ings Heveliusar<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

G\u00edslar\u00edm og \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arr\u00edm<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1671 gaf\u00a0G\u00edsli \u00deorl\u00e1ksson<\/a> H\u00f3labiskup \u00fat riti\u00f0 Enchiridion – \u00fea\u00f0 er handb\u00f3karkorn<\/a>, sem inniheldur annars vegar r\u00edm og veraldlegan fr\u00f3\u00f0leik og hins vegar gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt efni. R\u00edmb\u00f3kin er eil\u00edf\u00f0ar\u00edm, sem s\u00ed\u00f0an hefur veri\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hann kennt og kalla\u00f0 G\u00edslar\u00edm<\/a>. G\u00edsli er reyndar ekki h\u00f6fundur verksins, heldur \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur \u00deorl\u00e1ksson<\/a> br\u00f3\u00f0ir hans, sem \u00fe\u00e1 var n\u00fdkominn \u00far mikilli n\u00e1msfer\u00f0 um Evr\u00f3pu.<\/p>\n

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Efri myndin s\u00fdnir \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0 \u00deorl\u00e1ksson Sk\u00e1lholtsbiskup \u00e1samt konu sinni, Gu\u00f0r\u00ed\u00f0i G\u00edslad\u00f3ttur, \u00e1 m\u00e1lverki fr\u00e1 1697. –<\/strong> \u00c1 ne\u00f0ri myndinni er eldri br\u00f3\u00f0ir hans, G\u00edsli \u00deorl\u00e1ksson H\u00f3labiskup, \u00e1samt eiginkonu sinni Ragnhei\u00f0i J\u00f3nsd\u00f3ttur (til vinstri). Tv\u00e6r fyrri eiginkonur hans, Gr\u00f3a \u00deorleifsd\u00f3ttir og Ingibj\u00f6rg Benediktsd\u00f3ttir eru einnig me\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessu m\u00e1lverki fr\u00e1 1684.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1692 gaf \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur, n\u00fa or\u00f0inn biskup \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti, handb\u00f3kina \u00fat \u00e1 n\u00fdjan leik, l\u00edtillega breytta, og nefndi Calendarium Perpetuum –\u00a0 \u00c6varande Tijmatal<\/em>. S\u00fa b\u00f3k er jafnan k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arr\u00edm<\/a>. \u00cd vi\u00f0aukum er me\u00f0al annars fjalla\u00f0 um r\u00edmfr\u00e6\u00f0i, kvartil tunglsins, f\u00f6ruhnetti og d\u00fdrahringinn auk l\u00e6knislistar me\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnuspekilegu \u00edvafi. Reyndar haf\u00f0i \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur \u00ed millit\u00ed\u00f0inni gefi\u00f0 \u00fat R\u00edmtal \u00edslenskt<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1687, agnarsm\u00e1tt verk, sem bundi\u00f0 var aftan vi\u00f0 Eitt l\u00edti\u00f0 b\u00e6nakver<\/em> eftir J. G. Olearius<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Til vinstri er mynd af fors\u00ed\u00f0u G\u00edslar\u00edms (1671): Calendarium e\u00f0ur \u00edslenskt r\u00edm svo menn megi vita hva\u00f0 t\u00edmum \u00e1rsins l\u00ed\u00f0ur, me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed h\u00e9r eru ekki \u00e1rleg alman\u00f6k: Me\u00f0 l\u00edtilli \u00fatsk\u00fdringu, og nokkru fleira sem ei er \u00f3\u00fearflegt a\u00f0 vita<\/em>. –<\/strong> H\u00e6gra megin er mynd af fors\u00ed\u00f0u \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arr\u00edms (1692): Calendarium perpetuum – \u00c6varandi t\u00edmatal. E\u00f0ur r\u00edm \u00edslenskt til a\u00f0 vita hva\u00f0 \u00e1rsins t\u00ed\u00f0um l\u00ed\u00f0ur<\/em>.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 vekur athygli vi\u00f0 lestur stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ikaflanna \u00ed \u00feessum r\u00edmb\u00f3kum, a\u00f0 heimsmyndin sem l\u00f6g\u00f0 er til grundvallar er jar\u00f0mi\u00f0jukenning s\u00ed\u00f0mi\u00f0alda. R\u00f6\u00f0 f\u00f6ruhnattanna er hin sama og hj\u00e1 Pt\u00f3lema\u00edosi<\/a> og uppl\u00fdsingarnar um st\u00e6r\u00f0 \u00feeirra eru upphaflega komnar \u00far stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ib\u00f3k Sakr\u00f3bosk\u00f3s<\/a> fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed um 1230.<\/p>\n

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Taflan fyrir ofan teikninguna er \u00far G\u00edslar\u00edmi<\/em>. H\u00fan s\u00fdnir r\u00f6\u00f0 f\u00f6ruhnattanna samkv\u00e6mt jar\u00f0mi\u00f0jukenningu s\u00ed\u00f0mi\u00f0alda. Tungli\u00f0 er ne\u00f0st\u00a0 (\u00fe.e. n\u00e6st j\u00f6r\u00f0u) og Sat\u00farnus efst. – Teikningin er hins vegar \u00far \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arr\u00edmi<\/em> og \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra fasa tunglsins og mismunandi afst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feess til s\u00f3lar.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ekki er au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 skilja, hvers vegna \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur \u00deorl\u00e1ksson,\u00a0 einn l\u00e6r\u00f0asti ma\u00f0ur landsins og andlegur lei\u00f0togi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar, taldi r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 halda hinni fornu jar\u00f0mi\u00f0jukenningu a\u00f0 l\u00f6ndum s\u00ednum \u00ed lok sautj\u00e1ndu aldar. \u00dea\u00f0 var greinilega gert af r\u00e1\u00f0num hug, \u00fev\u00ed heimsmyndin er hin sama \u00ed \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arr\u00edmi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1692 og \u00ed G\u00edslar\u00edmi r\u00famum tuttugu \u00e1rum \u00e1\u00f0ur. Sennilega er r\u00e9tttr\u00faarstefnu og t\u00ed\u00f0aranda um a\u00f0 kenna.<\/p>\n

\u00deegar teki\u00f0 er tillit til \u00feess, a\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i numi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 marga helstu h\u00e1sk\u00f3la Evr\u00f3pu, \u00fear sem n\u00e1tt\u00faruspeki Descartes<\/a> var farin a\u00f0 hafa veruleg \u00e1hrif, er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 hann hefur ekki a\u00f0eins \u00feekkt vel til jar\u00f0mi\u00f0jukenningar Tychos Brahe<\/a>, heldur einnig til s\u00f3lmi\u00f0jukenningar K\u00f3pern\u00edkusar<\/a>. \u00deess s\u00e9r \u00fe\u00f3 engin merki \u00ed r\u00edmb\u00f3kum hans.<\/p>\n

Hva\u00f0 sem l\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00feekkingu l\u00e6r\u00f0ra manna \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma, \u00e1tti heil \u00f6ld eftir a\u00f0 l\u00ed\u00f0a, \u00fear til \u00edslensk al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a gat fyrst lesi\u00f0 um n\u00fdjungar eins og heimsmynd K\u00f3pern\u00edkusar \u00e1 m\u00f3\u00f0urm\u00e1linu. \u00dea\u00f0 ger\u00f0ist me\u00f0 fr\u00e6\u00f0sluritum Magn\u00fasar Stephensen<\/a> \u00ed lok \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar og \u00fe\u00fdddum verkum eins og\u00a0 N\u00e1tt\u00faruhistor\u00edu B\u00fcschings<\/a> og N\u00e1tt\u00farusko\u00f0ara Suhms<\/a>.<\/p>\n

R\u00edmb\u00e6kur J\u00f3ns \u00c1rnasonar<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Eftir a\u00f0 n\u00fdi st\u00edll (gregor\u00edska t\u00edmatali\u00f0<\/a>) t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 af \u00feeim gamla (j\u00fal\u00edanska t\u00edmatalinu<\/a>) h\u00e9rlendis, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1700 (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar h\u00e9r<\/a>), skapa\u00f0ist \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir n\u00fdtt eil\u00edf\u00f0arr\u00edm. \u00dea\u00f0 var J\u00f3n \u00c1rnason<\/a>, biskup \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti, sem br\u00e1st vi\u00f0 \u00feeirri \u00e1skorun, enda var hann vel a\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistum.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1707 gaf J\u00f3n \u00fat gregor\u00edska r\u00edmb\u00f3k, Calendarium Gregorianum<\/a>, og 1739 b\u00e6tti hann um betur og sendi fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r fingrar\u00edm, Dactylismus ecclesiasticus e\u00f0ur Fingrar\u00edm<\/a>, a\u00f0laga\u00f0 a\u00f0 hinum n\u00fdja st\u00edl. Hin forna fingrar\u00edmslist hefur n\u00fa a\u00f0 mestu lagst af, en \u00feeim lesendum, sem vilja kynna s\u00e9r hana n\u00e1nar, m\u00e1 benda \u00e1 \u00e1g\u00e6ta umfj\u00f6llun \u00deorsteins S\u00e6mundssonar<\/a> fr\u00e1 1999.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n

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Til vinstri: Fors\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 eil\u00edf\u00f0arr\u00edmi J\u00f3ns \u00c1rnasonar fr\u00e1 1707: Calendarium Gregorianum. E\u00f0ur s\u00e1 n\u00fdi st\u00edll, upp\u00e1 hvern Gregorius<\/a>, 13di p\u00e1fi i R\u00f3m, fann Anno 1582, fyrir hj\u00e1lp og li\u00f0veislu Aloysiusar Lilius<\/a> stj\u00f6rnumeistara. Hvar me\u00f0 og fylgja \u00edslensk misseraskipti, efter \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00feau hafa vere\u00f0 br\u00faku\u00f0 \u00e1 tveimur n\u00e6st fyrrverandi 100 \u00e1ra \u00f6ldum<\/em>. –<\/strong> Til h\u00e6gri er fors\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 fingrar\u00edmi J\u00f3ns fr\u00e1 1739: Dactylismus ecclesiasticus e\u00f0ur Fingrar\u00edm, vi\u00f0v\u00edkjandi kirkju\u00e1rsins t\u00edmum. Hvert, a\u00f0 afdregnum \u00feeim r\u00f3mversku t\u00f6trum gamla st\u00edls, hefur s\u00e6milegan \u00edslenskan b\u00faning fengi\u00f0, laga\u00f0an eftir t\u00edmatali hinu n\u00fdja. Fylgir og me\u00f0 n\u00fd a\u00f0fer\u00f0 a\u00f0 finna \u00edslensk misseraskipti<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Eins og \u00feegar hefur komi\u00f0 fram, h\u00f3fst reglubundin \u00fatg\u00e1fa \u00e1rlegra almanaka fyrir \u00cdsland ekki fyrr en 1837. \u00cd grein \u00deorger\u00f0ar Sigurgeirsd\u00f3ttur<\/a> fr\u00e1 1969 m\u00e1 lesa um a\u00f0dragandann a\u00f0 \u00feeim t\u00edmam\u00f3tum og jafnframt um s\u00f6gu \u00edslenska almanaksins fr\u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u00fdlega rakst \u00e9g fyrir algj\u00f6ra tilviljun \u00e1\u00a0stutta grein \u00ed Menntam\u00e1lum. \u00dear er birtur listi yfir \u00edslenskar reikningsb\u00e6kur \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu fr\u00e1 1746 til 1915. Jafnframt er skora\u00f0 \u00e1 lesendur a\u00f0 halda g\u00f6mlum kennslub\u00f3kum til haga. \u00deessi \u00e1g\u00e6ta gamla grein var\u00f0 af einhverjum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um til \u00feess, a\u00f0 \u00e9g t\u00f3k mig til og setti saman eftirfarandi f\u00e6rslu. H\u00fan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,12,13,14,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-atjanda-oldin","category-sautjanda-oldin","category-sextanda-oldin","category-staerdfraedi","category-stjornufraedi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2959","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2959"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2959\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2959"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2959"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2959"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}