{"id":80,"date":"2018-04-22T13:46:39","date_gmt":"2018-04-22T13:46:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raunvisindablogg.wordpress.com\/?p=80"},"modified":"2018-04-22T13:46:39","modified_gmt":"2018-04-22T13:46:39","slug":"rasmus-lievog-og-stjornuathuganirnar-i-lambhusum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/?p=80","title":{"rendered":"Rasmus Lievog og stj\u00f6rnuathuganirnar \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cd lok f\u00e6rslu um Eyj\u00f3lf J\u00f3nsson stj\u00f6rnumeistara<\/a> var sagt fr\u00e1 a\u00f0dragandanum a\u00f0 komu eftirmanns hans, Rasmusar Lievog, til \u00cdslands hausti\u00f0 1779. Lievog starfa\u00f0i h\u00e9r vi\u00f0 v\u00e6gast sagt erfi\u00f0ar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00ed r\u00faman aldarfj\u00f3r\u00f0ung, e\u00f0a til \u00e1rsins 1805, \u00feegar hann fluttist alfarinn til Kaupmannahafnar, sext\u00edu og sj\u00f6 \u00e1ra gamall.<\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00far m\u00e6lingum og athugunum Lievogs, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni og \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum, voru \u00feekktar me\u00f0al st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegra l\u00e6rd\u00f3msmanna \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an var s\u00fa, a\u00f0 yfirma\u00f0ur hans, pr\u00f3fessor Thomas Bugge<\/a>, s\u00e1 til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r v\u00e6ru birtar, ekki a\u00f0eins \u00ed ritum danska v\u00edsindaf\u00e9lagsins, heldur einnig \u00ed \u00e1rlegum evr\u00f3pskum stj\u00f6rnualman\u00f6kum og v\u00ed\u00f0ar. \u00de\u00e6r komu og a\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0um notum b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu og tuttugustu \u00f6ld, eins og n\u00e1nar er fjalla\u00f0 um \u00ed s\u00e9rstakri f\u00e6rslu<\/span>. Enn \u00feann dag \u00ed dag m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 vitna\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessar ranns\u00f3knir, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed erlendum og innlendum fr\u00e6\u00f0iritum (sj\u00e1 til d\u00e6mis h\u00e9r<\/a>, h\u00e9r<\/a> og h\u00e9r<\/a>).<\/p>\n

\"Halla_Lievog\"
Eina myndin af Rasmusi Lievog stj\u00f6rnumeistara sem \u00e9g hef rekist \u00e1. H\u00fan birtist \u00ed St\u00fadentabla\u00f0inu \u00ed ma\u00ed 2008<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Rasmus Lievog (1738-1811) var \u00e6tta\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 Sunnm\u00e6ri<\/a> \u00ed Vestur Noregi<\/a>. Hann innrita\u00f0ist \u00ed H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn \u00ed desember 1768, \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fer\u00edtugur a\u00f0 aldri. Einkakennari hans (praeceptor privatus) var Nor\u00f0ma\u00f0urinn, Joachim F. Ramus<\/a>, sem einnig haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 einkakennari Eggerts \u00d3lafssonar<\/a> r\u00famum tuttugu \u00e1rum \u00e1\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n

Eins og meirihluti Hafnarst\u00fadenta \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma lauk Lievog gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ipr\u00f3fi fr\u00e1 Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la, en 1775 ger\u00f0ist hann a\u00f0sto\u00f0arma\u00f0ur Christians Horrebow<\/a> \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni. \u00dear stunda\u00f0i hann me\u00f0al annars athuganir \u00e1 s\u00f3lblettum<\/a> og h\u00e9lt \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1fram, eftir a\u00f0 Bugge t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 af Horrebow \u00e1ri\u00f0 1777. Eftir komuna til \u00cdslands fylgdist hann einnig vel me\u00f0 s\u00f3linni, eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00e1 eftirfarandi mynd \u00far einni af dagb\u00f3kum hans.<\/p>\n

\"Solb+myrkvi1791_2\"
Tv\u00e6r s\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00far stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3k Lievogs fr\u00e1 vorinu 1791. Teikningin efst til h\u00e6gri s\u00fdnir hringmyrkva \u00e1 s\u00f3lu, sem stj\u00f6rnumeistarinn fylgdist me\u00f0 3. apr\u00edl \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1r. \u00dear fyrir ne\u00f0an er mynd af st\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00f3lbletta sk\u00f6mmu fyrir myrkvann. Teikningarnar til vinstri s\u00fdna s\u00f3lblettina daginn \u00e1\u00f0ur, eins og \u00feeir birtust \u00ed tveimur mismunandi sj\u00f3naukum. N\u00e1nari uppl\u00fdsingar um myrkvann m\u00e1 finna h\u00e9r<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cd erindisbr\u00e9fi Lievogs<\/a> fr\u00e1 21. apr\u00edl 1779 er teki\u00f0 fram, a\u00f0 auk launa skuli hann f\u00e1 b\u00e6inn Lambh\u00fas til \u00f3keypis b\u00fasetu og a\u00f0 \u00fear skuli reist fyrir hann athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0. Stiftamtma\u00f0ur eigi a\u00f0 hafa yfirumsj\u00f3n me\u00f0 framkv\u00e6mdum og kostna\u00f0i vi\u00f0 bygginguna.<\/p>\n

Stj\u00f6rnumeistarinn \u00e1tti a\u00f0 byrja \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kanna n\u00e1kv\u00e6mni m\u00e6lit\u00e6kja sinna. \u00dear var b\u00e6\u00f0i um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a gamlan h\u00e1baugshring<\/a> (Rota meridiana) \u00far S\u00edvalaturni, sem hann hafi teki\u00f0 me\u00f0 s\u00e9r til \u00cdslands, og t\u00e6ki forvera hans,\u00a0Eyj\u00f3lfs J\u00f3nssonar, sem geymd voru hj\u00e1 stiftamtmanni. Teki\u00f0 er s\u00e9rstaklega fram, a\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0ugt skuli fylgst vel me\u00f0 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mni m\u00e6lit\u00e6kjanna.<\/p>\n

H\u00e1baugshringinn \u00e1tti einkum a\u00f0 nota til a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0a sannan s\u00f3lt\u00edma, en einnig til annarra athugana. Me\u00f0 kva\u00f0rantinum<\/a> skyldi \u00e1kvar\u00f0a p\u00f3lh\u00e6\u00f0ina og \u00fear me\u00f0 breiddargr\u00e1\u00f0u athugunarsta\u00f0arins. Jafnframt til a\u00f0 finna b\u00e6\u00f0i su\u00f0urh\u00e6\u00f0 og nor\u00f0urh\u00e6\u00f0 valinna stjarna \u00e1 s\u00f6nnu h\u00e1degi.<\/p>\n

Til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar skyldi stj\u00f6rnumeistarinn fylgjast grannt me\u00f0 myrkvum J\u00fap\u00edterstungla, s\u00f3l- og tunglmyrkvum sem og stj\u00f6rnumyrkvum. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an var fyrst og fremst s\u00fa, a\u00f0 myrkvana m\u00e1 nota til a\u00f0 \u00e1kva\u00f0ra lengdargr\u00e1\u00f0u athugunarsta\u00f0arins.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00e1 \u00feurfi Lievog einnig a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 hreyfingum reikistjarna og tilfallandi halastjarna og gera daglegar hita- og \u00fer\u00fdstingsm\u00e6lingar \u00e1samt \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 vindum og ve\u00f0ri.<\/p>\n

Eins og \u00ed erindisbr\u00e9fi Eyj\u00f3lfs J\u00f3nssonar er l\u00f6g\u00f0 r\u00edk \u00e1hersla \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 haldin s\u00e9 \u00edtarleg og au\u00f0skilin dagb\u00f3k um m\u00e6lingarnar. Afrit af henni skuli sent V\u00edsindaf\u00e9laginu einu sinni \u00e1 \u00e1ri, eftir a\u00f0 stiftamtma\u00f0ur hafi sannreynt og votta\u00f0 afriti\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 skuli stj\u00f6rnumeistarinn vera \u00ed n\u00e1nu br\u00e9fasambandi vi\u00f0 pr\u00f3fessorinn \u00ed stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la og a\u00f0ra st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega l\u00e6rd\u00f3msmenn \u00ed V\u00edsindaf\u00e9laginu, og fara a\u00f0 fyrirm\u00e6lum \u00feeirra um athuganir. Ef hann vanti b\u00e6kur, m\u00e6lit\u00e6ki e\u00f0a handverkf\u00e6ri geti hann sn\u00fai\u00f0 s\u00e9r til V\u00edsindaf\u00e9lagsins e\u00f0a pr\u00f3fessorsins \u00ed stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

\"bugge_mynd\"
Pr\u00f3fessor\u00a0Thomas Bugge<\/a> var yfirma\u00f0ur Rasmusar Lievog stj\u00f6rnumeistara. Hann var jafnframt yfirma\u00f0ur Stef\u00e1ns Bj\u00f6rnssonar<\/a> reiknimeistara vi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00edhyrningam\u00e6lingarnar \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku<\/a> \u00e1 \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00deeir stiftamtmenn, sem \u00e1ttu a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 til \u00feess a\u00f0 a\u00f0sta\u00f0a Lievogs h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi v\u00e6ri vi\u00f0unandi, voru, hver \u00e1 eftir \u00f6\u00f0rum, hinn vingjarnlegi og r\u00e9tts\u00fdni Nor\u00f0ma\u00f0ur Lauritz Thodal<\/a>, hinn drambsami \u00fe\u00fdsk-danski a\u00f0alsma\u00f0ur Hans von Levetzow<\/a> og \u00cdslendingurinn \u00d3lafur Stephensen<\/a>. Um samskipti Lievogs vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 og \u00fdmsa a\u00f0ra \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 launam\u00e1l, jar\u00f0arb\u00e6tur og byggingaframkv\u00e6mdir \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum er v\u00ed\u00f0a fjalla\u00f0, til d\u00e6mis h\u00e9r<\/a>,\u00a0h\u00e9r<\/a>\u00a0og\u00a0h\u00e9r<\/a>. \u00dearna m\u00e1 jafnframt lesa um hugmyndir eins og \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0 gera Lievog a\u00f0 kennara vi\u00f0 H\u00f3lavallask\u00f3la<\/a>, e\u00f0a koma \u00e1 f\u00f3t barnask\u00f3la og jafnvel siglingask\u00f3la \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum undir hans stj\u00f3rn. Einnig kom til umr\u00e6\u00f0u a\u00f0 flytja stj\u00f6rnuturninn til Reykjav\u00edkur. Ekkert var\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 \u00far sl\u00edkum \u00e1formum.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tilgangur m\u00e6linganna<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0 komi kannski ekki s\u00e9rlega sk\u00fdrt fram \u00ed erindisbr\u00e9finu, er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fessor Bugge haf\u00f0i mestan \u00e1huga \u00e1 m\u00e6lingum er tengdust lengdar\u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unum. Vori\u00f0 1781 segir hann til d\u00e6mis \u00ed br\u00e9fi til danska kansell\u00edsins<\/a>\u00a0(bls. 73) a\u00f0 Lievog hafi sinnt athugunum \u00e1 \u00cdslandi af kostg\u00e6fni og a\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gt s\u00e9, a\u00f0 hann f\u00e1i n\u00e6gjanlega g\u00f3\u00f0a athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0, svo hann<\/p>\n

for det f\u00f8rste kunde gi\u00f8re saa mange Observationer paa Jupiters Drabanter, at man der af kunne udfinde L\u00e6ngden af Island, hvor om man endnu er meget uvis.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Og \u00ed erindi\u00a0\u00e1 fundi \u00ed V\u00edsindaf\u00e9laginu<\/a>\u00a0hausti\u00f0 1787 segir hann (bls. 328-29) a\u00f0 athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0in \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum s\u00e9<\/p>\n

forsynet med de paa Ki\u00f8benhavns Observatorium forhen v\u00e6rende Instrumenter. Vel ere disse ei af de bedste og fuldkomneste; men have de v\u00e6ret gode nok her i Ki\u00f8benhavn til Aaret 1777, saa kunne de dog vel endu v\u00e6re brugelige nok i Island, hvor man dog ikke forlange andet, end Observationer til L\u00e6ngdens Bestemmelse.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00c1 seinni hluta \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar skiptu sl\u00edkar hnattst\u00f6\u00f0um\u00e6lingar Dani miklu vegna n\u00fdlenduumsvifa, verslunar, siglinga og kortager\u00f0ar. Stjarnm\u00e6lingar gegndu lykilhlutverki \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi og \u00feess vegna var athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0vum komi\u00f0 upp v\u00ed\u00f0a \u00ed Danaveldi. Lambh\u00fasast\u00f6\u00f0in var einn \u00feeirra og \u00e1 d\u00f6gum Bugges voru \u00e1l\u00edka st\u00f6\u00f0var einnig \u00e1\u00a0Vard\u00f8 \u00ed Nor\u00f0ur-Noregi, Trankebar \u00e1 Indlandi og \u00ed Godth\u00e5b \u00e1 Gr\u00e6nlandi. Pr\u00f3fessorinn haf\u00f0i yfirumsj\u00f3n me\u00f0 m\u00e6lingunum og h\u00f6fu\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0varnar voru \u00ed S\u00edvalaturni.<\/span><\/div>\n
.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\"Danaveldi\"<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
.<\/span><\/div>\n
Af \u00fdmsum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um t\u00f3k mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feessara st\u00f6\u00f0va mj\u00f6g a\u00f0 dv\u00edna, \u00feegar l\u00ed\u00f0a t\u00f3k \u00e1 t\u00edunda \u00e1ratuginn. H\u00e9r \u00e1 landi h\u00f3fust \u201estrandm\u00e6lingarnar s\u00ed\u00f0ari<\/a>\u201c \u00e1ri\u00f0 1801 og sk\u00f6mmu s\u00ed\u00f0ar var Lambh\u00fasast\u00f6\u00f0in l\u00f6g\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur.<\/span><\/div>\n
.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span>\u00deess m\u00e1 geta, a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld voru hnattst\u00f6\u00f0um\u00e6lingar eitt helsta vi\u00f0fangsefni svo til allra r\u00edkisrekinna stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0va \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu og \u00fear voru jafnframt stunda\u00f0ar \u00fdmsar a\u00f0rar r\u00fat\u00ednum\u00e6lingar (sj\u00e1 t.d. h\u00e9r<\/a>, bls. 98-99). Forst\u00f6\u00f0umenn st\u00f6\u00f0vanna m\u00f3tu\u00f0u \u00fe\u00f3 stundum n\u00fd verkefni, sem einstaka sinnum leiddu til n\u00fdrra uppg\u00f6tvana.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00de\u00f3tt \u00feessi f\u00e6rsla fjalli fyrst og fremst um stj\u00f6rnuathuganir Lievogs h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, ver\u00f0ur einnig fari\u00f0 \u00f6rf\u00e1um or\u00f0um um a\u00f0rar m\u00e6lingar hans. Auk \u00fatgefinna m\u00e6lini\u00f0ursta\u00f0a, eru helstu heimildirnar m\u00e6lingadagb\u00e6kur stj\u00f6rnumeistarans, sem geymdar eru \u00e1 handritadeild Landsb\u00f3kasafns \u00cdslands – H\u00e1sk\u00f3lab\u00f3kasafns. Ve\u00f0urdagb\u00e6kur eru til fyrir \u00e1rin 1779-1785 og 1787-1789 og stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00e6kur fyrir \u00e1rin 1779-1794 (og 1796).\u00a0 – Sj\u00e1 einnig Vi\u00f0b\u00f3t 1<\/em> aftast \u00ed f\u00e6rslunni.
\n<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\"Forsida\"
Fors\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 einni af stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3kum Lievogs. H\u00e9r fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1794: Astronomiske Observationer, som efter Kongelig Allernaadigste Befalning og Bekostning ere giorte i Aaret 1794 i det Kongl. Observatorio paa Gaarden Lambhuus i Guldbringe Syssel i Island af Rasmus Lievog<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Fyrstu stj\u00f6rnuathuganir Lievogs \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/span><\/strong>
\n<\/em><\/h3>\n

Eftir a\u00f0 Lievog kom til landsins sumari\u00f0 1779 bj\u00f3 hann fyrstu m\u00e1nu\u00f0ina hj\u00e1 Thodal stiftamtmanni \u00e1 Bessast\u00f6\u00f0um \u00e1 me\u00f0an veri\u00f0 var a\u00f0 ganga fr\u00e1 v\u00e6ntanlegu heimili hans \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum. \u00deanga\u00f0 fluttist hann svo um j\u00f3lin sama \u00e1r.<\/p>\n

Fyrsta stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3k Lievogs n\u00e6r yfir t\u00edmabili\u00f0\u00a0 fr\u00e1 byrjun september 1779 til j\u00fal\u00edloka 1780. Samkv\u00e6mt henni byrja\u00f0i hann \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hreinsa og lagf\u00e6ra m\u00e6lit\u00e6kin, sem Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson haf\u00f0i komi\u00f0 me\u00f0 fr\u00e1 Kaupmannah\u00f6fn vori\u00f0 1770. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed loknu ger\u00f0i hann tilraun til a\u00f0 nota \u00feau til stj\u00f6rnuathugana.<\/p>\n

Fyrstu athuganirnar voru framkv\u00e6mdar \u00e1 lofti Bessasta\u00f0astofu \u00fear sem Lievog haf\u00f0i fengi\u00f0 herbergi me\u00f0 su\u00f0urglugga til umr\u00e1\u00f0a. \u00dear hengdi hann upp pend\u00falklukkurnar<\/a> tv\u00e6r og kom fyrir \u00feriggja feta (94,2 sm) linsusj\u00f3nauka<\/a> \u00ed glugganum, einkum til a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 h\u00e1g\u00f6ngu s\u00f3lar og fastastjarna. Sj\u00f3naukinn var \u00fe\u00f3 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f3st\u00f6\u00f0ugur \u00e1 gluggast\u00e6\u00f0inu, a\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnumeistarinn treysti ekki m\u00e6lini\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0unum.<\/p>\n

Kva\u00f0ranturinn<\/a> (me\u00f0 \u00feriggja feta linsusj\u00f3nauka) var geymdur \u00e1 g\u00f3lfinu fyrir framan herbergi\u00f0 og \u00feegar Lievog vildi nota hann til m\u00e6linga \u00feurfti hann fyrst a\u00f0 rogast me\u00f0 hann og tilheyrandi st\u00e6\u00f0i ni\u00f0ur stigann og \u00fat undir bert loft. Vegna ve\u00f0urs haf\u00f0i hann \u00fe\u00f3 sjaldnast \u00e1rangur sem erfi\u00f0i. N\u00e6r undantekningarlaust var hann vart b\u00fainn a\u00f0 stilla t\u00e6kinu upp, \u00feegar sk\u00fd birtust \u00e1 himni e\u00f0a \u00fea\u00f0 f\u00f3r a\u00f0 hvessa og l\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 (sem \u00e1kvar\u00f0a\u00f0i l\u00f3\u00f0l\u00ednuna) t\u00f3k a\u00f0 sveiflast fram og aftur. L\u00edti\u00f0 var h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 m\u00e6la me\u00f0 kva\u00f0rantinum vi\u00f0 sl\u00edkar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur. \u00cdslenskir vindar ger\u00f0u \u00fea\u00f0 einnig a\u00f0 verkum, a\u00f0 t\u00f3lf feta linsusj\u00f3naukinn (3,77 m) kom a\u00f0 takm\u00f6rku\u00f0u gagni vegna titrings.<\/p>\n

\"Kvadrantur+langur_sjo\u0301n\"
\u00deessi r\u00f3mant\u00edska mynd fr\u00e1 fyrri hluta \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar s\u00fdnir stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0inga rannsaka stj\u00f6rnuhimininn me\u00f0 l\u00f6ngum linsusj\u00f3nauka og kva\u00f0ranti. \u00dearna eru allar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur greinilega mun bl\u00ed\u00f0ari en \u00fe\u00e6r, sem Lievog \u00feurfti vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 gl\u00edma, fyrst \u00e1 Bessast\u00f6\u00f0um fyrri hluta vetrar 1779 og s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum, allt \u00fear til stj\u00f6rnuturninn var reistur \u00fear 1783.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fyrstu velheppnu\u00f0u athuganir Lievogs tengdust\u00a0 tunglmyrkvanum 23. n\u00f3vember 1779.<\/a> \u00de\u00e6r f\u00f3ru fram \u00ed kulda og trekki \u00ed litlu \u00fatih\u00fasi \u00e1 Bessast\u00f6\u00f0um me\u00f0 \u00fats\u00fdni til myrkvans \u00e1 austurhimni. Inni haf\u00f0i Lievog komi\u00f0 fyrir fimm og h\u00e1lfs feta (1,73 m) linsusj\u00f3nauka og\u00a0 pend\u00falklukku. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 nor\u00f0anvindurinn hristi sj\u00f3naukann \u00f6\u00f0ru hverju, n\u00e1\u00f0i stj\u00f6rnumeistarnn m\u00f6rgum g\u00f3\u00f0um m\u00e6lingum. A\u00f0 myrkvanum loknum setti hann kva\u00f0rantinn ni\u00f0ur fyrir utan h\u00fasi\u00f0 \u00ed skj\u00f3li vi\u00f0 opna hur\u00f0ina og m\u00e6ldi me\u00f0 honum h\u00e6\u00f0 nokkurra fastastjarna. \u00dea\u00f0 ger\u00f0i honum me\u00f0al annars kleift a\u00f0 lei\u00f0r\u00e9tta t\u00edmam\u00e6lingarnar s\u00ed\u00f0ar. B\u00e6\u00f0i Thodal og Levetzow voru vi\u00f0staddir og a\u00f0 auki a\u00f0sto\u00f0a\u00f0i stj\u00fapsonur Thodals, Peder Klow, stj\u00f6rnumeistarann vi\u00f0 m\u00e6lingarnar me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsa hann st\u00f6\u00f0ugt um hva\u00f0 t\u00edmanum li\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1784 birti Thomas Bugge ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00feessara myrkvam\u00e6linga \u00e1samt \u00fdmsum \u00f6\u00f0rum m\u00e6lingum Lievogs\u00a0 \u00ed ritinu Observationes Astronomicae<\/a> (bls. xciv-xcv).\u00a0 \u00cd beinu framhaldi (bls. xcv-xcvi) s\u00fdndi Bugge hvernig m\u00e6lingarnar voru nota\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 reikna lengd Bessasta\u00f0a mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Danzig (n\u00fa Gdansk), Dresden og Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. Bugge birti myrkvam\u00e6lingarnar einnig \u00ed Berl\u00ednaralmanakinu fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1787<\/a> (bls. 162).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Stjarnm\u00e6lingar \u00ed heimah\u00fasum<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Eins og fyrr var geti\u00f0, fluttist Lievog til Lambh\u00fasa um j\u00f3lin 1779 og haf\u00f0i me\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00f6ll s\u00edn m\u00e6lit\u00e6ki (n\u00e1nari l\u00fdsingu \u00e1 h\u00fasakynnum m\u00e1 finna h\u00e9r,<\/a> bls. 69-70).\u00a0 A\u00f0eins tveimur m\u00e1nu\u00f0um s\u00ed\u00f0ar kv\u00e6ntist hann norskri konu, Hedvig Andreu Morland (1735-1805). \u00deau bjuggu \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum \u00ed aldarfj\u00f3r\u00f0ung og munu hafa veri\u00f0 barnlaus. Hedvig d\u00f3 \u00ed \u00e1rsbyrjun 1805 og s\u00ed\u00f0ar sama \u00e1r fluttist Lievog alfarinn til Kaupmannahafnar.<\/p>\n

\"Lambhus_JonE1962\"
Korti\u00f0 s\u00fdnir hvar b\u00e6rinn Lambh\u00fas st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma, um \u00fea\u00f0 bil mi\u00f0ja vegu milli Bessasta\u00f0akirkju og hli\u00f0sins \u00e1 n\u00faverandi afleggjara til Bessasta\u00f0a. \u00dearna eru n\u00fa engar sj\u00e1anlegar minjar, hvorki um b\u00e6inn n\u00e9 stj\u00f6rnuturn Lievogs.\u00a0 Myndin er \u00far grein J\u00f3ns Ey\u00fe\u00f3rssonar<\/a> fr\u00e1 1962 (bls. 43).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Stj\u00f6rnuturninn komst ekki gagni\u00f0 fyrr en \u00ed \u00e1rslok 1783 og og \u00ed millit\u00ed\u00f0inni \u00feurfti Lievog a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6ma allar s\u00ednar m\u00e6lingar innan veggja heimilisins e\u00f0a utandyra \u00ed n\u00e6sta n\u00e1grenni. \u00dea\u00f0 gekk oft br\u00f6sulega vegna ve\u00f0urs og vinda. Erfitt var halda t\u00f3lf feta sj\u00f3naukanum st\u00f6\u00f0ugum \u00ed vindhvi\u00f0um, hvort heldur var \u00fati vi\u00f0 e\u00f0a inni \u00ed stofunni, en \u00fear \u00feurfti Lievog \u00a0a\u00f0 taka \u00far su\u00f0urglugga til a\u00f0 geta beitt sj\u00f3naukanum. Oft var frosti\u00f0 svo miki\u00f0, a\u00f0 hann n\u00e1\u00f0i ekki glugganum \u00far og \u00feegar \u00fea\u00f0 t\u00f3kst f\u00e9ll m\u00f3\u00f0a i\u00f0ulega \u00e1 linsurnar, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt stofan v\u00e6ri ekki upphitu\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Klukkurnar tv\u00e6r hengdi hann upp innandyra vi\u00f0 stofugluggann til a\u00f0 geta heyrt sek\u00fandusl\u00f6gin vi\u00f0 m\u00e6lingar utandyra. Glugginn var ekki n\u00f3gu h\u00e1r til a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 nota kva\u00f0rantinn inni \u00ed stofunni, svo hann kom fyrir nokkrum steinum vi\u00f0 su\u00f0austurhorn h\u00fassins sem undirst\u00f6\u00f0u fyrir kva\u00f0rantst\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0. \u00cd hvert sinn, sem hann vildi m\u00e6la, \u00feurfti hann, eins og \u00e1 Bessast\u00f6\u00f0um, a\u00f0 rogast \u00fat me\u00f0 kva\u00f0rantinn og st\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0. Og eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur spillti ve\u00f0ri\u00f0 oft fyrir.<\/p>\n

Sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00e1 dagb\u00f3kum Lievogs fr\u00e1 \u00feessu t\u00edmabili, a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir erfi\u00f0ar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur, t\u00f3kst honum stundum a\u00f0 n\u00e1 fur\u00f0u g\u00f3\u00f0um m\u00e6lingum. Auk stjarnm\u00e6linganna sinnti hann jafnframt ve\u00f0urathugunum af mikilli samviskusemi, kanna\u00f0i misv\u00edsun \u00e1ttavita og fylgdist me\u00f0 nor\u00f0urlj\u00f3sum og sj\u00e1varf\u00f6llum.<\/p>\n

Ekki er vita\u00f0 me\u00f0 vissu, hven\u00e6r bygging athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0varinnar h\u00f3fst, en Lievog f\u00e6r\u00f0i fyrstu m\u00e6lingar s\u00ednar \u00ed turninum til b\u00f3kar \u00e1 a\u00f0ventunni 1783. Loft var \u00fe\u00e1 l\u00e6vi blandi\u00f0, \u00fev\u00ed Skaft\u00e1reldar<\/a> h\u00f6f\u00f0u hafist \u00ed byrjun j\u00fan\u00ed sama \u00e1r me\u00f0 tilheyrandi\u00a0M\u00f3\u00f0uhar\u00f0indum<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0in<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Fari\u00f0 var a\u00f0 huga fyrir alv\u00f6ru a\u00f0 byggingu stj\u00f6rnuturnsins \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum \u00ed byrjun \u00e1rs 1781 (h\u00e9r<\/a> m\u00e1 lesa um tilraun Eyj\u00f3lfs J\u00f3nssonar til a\u00f0 koma \u00fear upp athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0 1775). A\u00f0 bei\u00f0ni kansell\u00edsins samdi Bugge stutta greinarger\u00f0 (sj\u00e1\u00a0h\u00e9r<\/a>, bls. 72) um \u00e6skilega st\u00e6r\u00f0 hans og l\u00f6gun. Me\u00f0 greinarger\u00f0inni fylgdi grunnteikning pr\u00f3fessorsins, sem n\u00fa mun reyndar gl\u00f6tu\u00f0. Me\u00f0al annars lag\u00f0i Bugge til, a\u00f0 byggingin yr\u00f0i 10 \u00e1lna (6,3 m) l\u00f6ng, 8 \u00e1lna (5 m) brei\u00f0 og 6 \u00e1lna (3,8 m) h\u00e1. \u00c1 henni \u00feyrftu a\u00f0 vera raufar me\u00f0 rennilokum, ein fyrir h\u00e1baugshringinn og \u00f6nnur fyrir kva\u00f0rantinn. Einnig t\u00f3k hann fram, a\u00f0 e\u00f0lilegt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 v\u00edkja fr\u00e1 teikningunni, ef a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur kref\u00f0u.<\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 byggingu turnsins mun a\u00f0 mestu hafa veri\u00f0 fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 till\u00f6gum Bugges. Af teikningu Lievogs h\u00e9r fyrir ne\u00f0an og framl\u00f6g\u00f0um reikningum<\/a> vegna framkv\u00e6mdanna m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 sj\u00e1 (bls. 25-28 og 17), a\u00f0 \u00fdmsu hefur veri\u00f0 breytt, me\u00f0al annars \u00fatl\u00ednum turnsins og fj\u00f6lda raufa.<\/p>\n

Sk\u00f6mmu eftir a\u00f0 Lievog h\u00f3f m\u00e6lingar \u00ed hinum n\u00fdja st\u00f6rnuturni \u00ed \u00e1rslok 1783 skrifa\u00f0i hann \u00ed dagb\u00f3k s\u00edna, a\u00f0 fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0in fr\u00e1 austurgafli athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0varinnar a\u00f0 sy\u00f0ri skorsteininum \u00e1 Bessasta\u00f0astofu v\u00e6ri um\u00a0970 \u00e1lnir (609 m)\u00a0 \u00ed stefnu 64,5\u00b0 austan vi\u00f0 nor\u00f0ur. Aftan vi\u00f0 stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3k hans fyrir t\u00edmabili\u00f0 fr\u00e1 j\u00fal\u00ed 1785 til j\u00fal\u00ed 1786 er svo a\u00f0 finna grunnteikningu stj\u00f6rnumeistarans af turninum, eins og hann var \u00fe\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\"Grunnteikning_1\"
Grunnteikning Lievogs af athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0inni \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum (fr\u00e1 1785-86?).\u00a0 \u00c1 henni\u00a0 t\u00e1kna N<\/em>,\u00a0\u00d8<\/em>, S<\/em> og V<\/em> h\u00f6fu\u00f0\u00e1ttirnar fj\u00f3rar.\u00a0 Hli\u00f0alengd stj\u00f6rnuturnsins sj\u00e1lfs er 8 \u00e1lnir (5 m) og a, b, c<\/em> og d\u00a0<\/em> eru hornpunktar hans. H\u00e6\u00f0 turnsins er \u00f3\u00feekkt, en \u00ed br\u00e9fi Bugges fr\u00e1 1781 er mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 6 \u00e1lnir (3,8 m). Dyrnar a\u00f0 turninum eru \u00e1 nor\u00f0urhli\u00f0inni, t\u00e1kna\u00f0ar me\u00f0 O<\/em>. Steinst\u00f3lpar fyrir endana (t<\/em> og v<\/em>) \u00e1 \u00e1s h\u00e1baugshringsins (Rota meridiana) eru t\u00e1kna\u00f0ir me\u00f0 i<\/em> (inni \u00ed turninum) og k<\/em> (fyrir utan). Endar sj\u00f3naukans \u00e1 hringnum eru t\u00e1kna\u00f0ir me\u00f0 r<\/em> og s<\/em>.\u00a0 Klukkur eru \u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0um l<\/em>, m<\/em> og n<\/em>. \u00c1 nor\u00f0urhli\u00f0inni er rauf me\u00f0 renniloku (p<\/em>) fyrir sj\u00f3nauka h\u00e1baugshringsins.\u00a0 \u00datskot fyrir kva\u00f0rantinn er t\u00e1kna\u00f0 me\u00f0 e, f, g<\/em> og h<\/em>. Hli\u00f0alengdin er 3,3 \u00e1lnir (2 m), en h\u00e6\u00f0in \u00f3\u00feekkt. St\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir kva\u00f0rantinn er t\u00e1kna\u00f0 me\u00f0 x, y, z<\/em> og \u00e6<\/em>. \u00c1 su\u00f0urhli\u00f0 \u00fatskotsins er rauf me\u00f0 renniloku (q<\/em>) fyrir sj\u00f3nauka kva\u00f0rantsins.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dearna stunda\u00f0i Lievog m\u00e6lingar af miklu kappi \u00e1 \u00e1runum fr\u00e1 1784 og vel fram eftir t\u00edunda \u00e1ratugnum. Flestar m\u00e6lini\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar, sem Bugge birti fr\u00e1 Lambh\u00fasum, voru og fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed t\u00edmabili, eins og n\u00e1nar ver\u00f0ur viki\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

Sumari\u00f0 1789 kom Englendingurinn Sir John Stanley<\/a> \u00ed heims\u00f3kn til \u00cdslands \u00e1samt fr\u00ed\u00f0u f\u00f6runeyti. \u00cd h\u00f3pnum var John Baine (f. 1754), skoskur landm\u00e6lingama\u00f0ur og kennari \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistum \u00ed Edinborg. \u00cd dagb\u00f3k<\/a>, sem hann h\u00e9lt um fer\u00f0ina, m\u00e1 lesa um heims\u00f3kn hans til Lambh\u00fasa \u00fear sem hann \u00e1tti erindi vi\u00f0 Lievog. \u00c1 einum sta\u00f0 l\u00fdsir hann stj\u00f6rnuturninum svo (bls. 84):<\/p>\n

Mr.\u00a0 Lievog obligingly shew’d me the Obsery. the house is well enough and his contrivances for keeping out the Wind are very proper for that purpose he has openings in all directions the house beeing of Wood, and in these openings there are sliding Shutters that admit no more than what is indispensably necessary for the view.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Vi\u00f0 sama t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri teikna\u00f0i Baine mynd af Lambh\u00fasum og athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0inni, \u00fe\u00e1 einu sem til er.<\/p>\n

\"Lambhus
Mynd Johns Baine af stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0inni \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum sumari\u00f0 1789. Vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0ina \u00e1 turninum er heimili stj\u00f6rnumeistarans og lengra \u00ed burtu er b\u00fasta\u00f0ur stiftamtmanns. Ekki er lj\u00f3st hversu n\u00e1kv\u00e6m myndin er; til d\u00e6mis ber henni ekki saman vi\u00f0 grunnteikningu Lievogs\u00a0 (sj\u00e1 fyrri mynd).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Mynd Baines hefur me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum or\u00f0i\u00f0 vel \u00feekkt h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. Eftirmynd hennar pr\u00fd\u00f0ir til d\u00e6mis \u00edslenskt fr\u00edmerki, sem gefi\u00f0 var \u00fat \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu \u00e1ri stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0innar 2009<\/a>, en \u00fe\u00e1 voru li\u00f0in 226 \u00e1r fr\u00e1 byggingu turnsins.<\/p>\n

\"Turnar_Fri\u0301merki\"
Tveir stj\u00f6rnuturnar. Til vinstri: S\u00edvaliturn<\/a> \u00e1 \u00feriggja alda afm\u00e6li turnsins \u00e1ri\u00f0 1942. Stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0in er \u00e1 \u00feakinu (miki\u00f0 breytt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld; sj\u00e1 t.d. h\u00e9r<\/a>). \u00dearna starfa\u00f0i Lievog fr\u00e1 1775 til 1779.\u00a0 Til h\u00e6gri: Stj\u00f6rnuturninn \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum (h\u00f6nnu\u00f0ur fr\u00edmerkis: \u00d6rn Sm\u00e1ri G\u00edslason, eftir teikningu Baines). \u00dear sinnti Lievog athugunum fr\u00e1 1783 til 1805.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u00e6kjakostur Lievogs<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00deegar Lievog kom til landsins sumari\u00f0 1779 haf\u00f0i hann me\u00f0 s\u00e9r gamlan h\u00e1baugshring \u00far t\u00e6kjasafni S\u00edvalaturns. \u00c1 Bessast\u00f6\u00f0um bi\u00f0u svo eftir honum m\u00e6lit\u00e6kin, sem Eyj\u00f3lfur J\u00f3nsson haf\u00f0i teki\u00f0 me\u00f0 s\u00e9r fr\u00e1 Kaupmannah\u00f6fn n\u00edu \u00e1rum \u00e1\u00f0ur, e\u00f0a fengi\u00f0 send \u00fea\u00f0an s\u00ed\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

Me\u00f0al t\u00e6kja Eyj\u00f3lfs voru \u00feriggja feta kva\u00f0rantur, t\u00edu feta Dollond-sj\u00f3nauki, \u00e1n skr\u00fafum\u00e6lis, tv\u00e6r einfaldar pend\u00falklukkur og \u00feriggja feta sj\u00f3nauki til t\u00edma\u00e1kvar\u00f0ana. Einnig \u00e1ttavitar til misv\u00edsunarm\u00e6linga, \u00fer\u00edr loft\u00fer\u00fdstingsm\u00e6lar, \u00fer\u00edr lofthitam\u00e6lar og \u00fdmis handverkf\u00e6ri.<\/p>\n

Samkv\u00e6mt stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3kum Lievogs var kva\u00f0rantur Eyj\u00f3lfs s\u00e1 hinn sami og Maximilian Hell<\/a> haf\u00f0i nota\u00f0 \u00e1 Vard\u00f8 vi\u00f0 m\u00e6lingar \u00e1 \u00feverg\u00f6ngu Venusar \u00ed j\u00fan\u00ed 1769 . \u00deetta g\u00e6ti einnig \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 um sum af hinum m\u00e6lit\u00e6kjunum, en um \u00fea\u00f0 skortir heimildir.<\/p>\n

Eins og fjalla\u00f0 er um \u00ed f\u00e6rslunni um Eyj\u00f3lf J\u00f3nsson<\/a> komu Hell og samfer\u00f0amenn hans vi\u00f0 \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn \u00e1 lei\u00f0inni til Vard\u00f8. \u00dear r\u00e6ddu \u00feeir vi\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0amenn og pr\u00f3fessora H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans. Christian Horrebow l\u00e1na\u00f0i \u00feeim \u00fdmis t\u00e6ki til m\u00e6linga, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al pend\u00falklukku, t\u00edu feta Dollond-sj\u00f3nauka og tvo kva\u00f0ranta, einn tveggja feta fer\u00f0akva\u00f0rant og annan \u00feriggja feta \u00far d\u00f6nsku st\u00e1li \u00e1 st\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00deann s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda haf\u00f0i Sv\u00edinn Johannes Ahl (1729-95) sm\u00ed\u00f0a\u00f0 eftir uppskrift \u00ed stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i Lalandes<\/a> fr\u00e1 1764 (sj\u00e1 bls. 843). \u00deegar lei\u00f0angursmenn komu aftur til Kaupmannahafnar \u00ed okt\u00f3ber 1769, var \u00feessum m\u00e6lit\u00e6kjum skila\u00f0.<\/p>\n

\"KvadranturHell\"
Jes\u00fa\u00edtinn og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Maximilian Hell \u00e1 mynd fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1770. Hann situr vi\u00f0 \u00feriggja feta kva\u00f0rant, eitt af t\u00e6kjunum, sem notu\u00f0 voru \u00e1 Vard\u00f8 sumari\u00f0 1769 og \u00e1 \u00cdslandi s\u00ed\u00f0ar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"FranskurKva\u00f0r\"
H\u00e9r er betri mynd af kva\u00f0rantinum \u00e1 koparstungunni fyrir ofan. Myndin er \u00far stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i Lalandes fr\u00e1 1764, bls. 863.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00deessi kva\u00f0rantur var eitt helsta m\u00e6lit\u00e6ki Lievogs allan \u00feann t\u00edma, sem hann dvaldi \u00e1 \u00cdslandi (h\u00e9r<\/a> m\u00e1 lesa n\u00e1nar um notkun kva\u00f0ranta \u00e1 \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld).<\/p>\n

\u00c1 myndinni af Hell m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 grilla \u00ed pend\u00falklukku<\/a> vi\u00f0 vegginn a\u00f0 baki hans. Ekki er \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 klukkur Lievogs hafi veri\u00f0 svipa\u00f0ar ger\u00f0ar, en \u00fe\u00e6r hafa \u00fe\u00f3 veri\u00f0 styttri, \u00fev\u00ed um veggklukkur var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

\"Klukka_Roemer_1700\"
Pend\u00falklukka \u00e1 vegg. Ole R\u00f8mer.<\/a> nota\u00f0i hana vi\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnuathuganir \u00ed byrjun \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar. H\u00fan s\u00fdnir daga, stundir, m\u00edn\u00fatur og sek\u00fandur og einnig fasa tunglsins,<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Klukkur Lievogs voru \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed sem n\u00e6st st\u00f6\u00f0ugri notkun \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum. Hinsvegar voru \u00fe\u00e6r ekki \u00ed s\u00e9rlega g\u00f3\u00f0u \u00e1standi og \u00feurftu jafnan verulegt vi\u00f0hald.<\/p>\n

Ekki var h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nota h\u00e1baugshringinn<\/a> (Rota meridiana) fyrr en st\u00e6\u00f0i hans haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 komi\u00f0 fyrir \u00ed athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0inni (\u00ed \u00e1rslok 1783 e\u00f0a s\u00ed\u00f0ar). \u00deetta t\u00e6ki Lievogs var gamalt og l\u00fai\u00f0 og kom aldrei a\u00f0 fullum notum, \u00fe\u00f3tt stj\u00f6rnumeistarinn ger\u00f0i sitt \u00edtrasta til a\u00f0 halda \u00fev\u00ed vi\u00f0. Hann n\u00e1\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3 stundum g\u00f3\u00f0um m\u00e6lingum, einkum fyrstu \u00e1rin \u00ed turninum.<\/p>\n

\"OleRo\u0308mer_MerCir_2\"
Vinstra megin er h\u00e1baugshringur (Rota Meridiana) sem Ole R\u00f8mer nota\u00f0i til m\u00e6linga upp \u00far 1700. Til h\u00e6gri er einfaldur \u00feverg\u00f6nguk\u00edkir (passageinstrument) sem hann nota\u00f0i einkum til a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0a jafnd\u00e6gur. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nari umfj\u00f6llun h\u00e9r<\/a> (bls. 18-20).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nokkrum \u00e1rum eftir a\u00f0 h\u00e1baugshringurinn var\u00f0 \u00f3noth\u00e6fur, vir\u00f0ist Lievog hafa fengi\u00f0 \u00feverg\u00f6nguk\u00edki<\/a> (transit instrument) til umr\u00e1\u00f0a, sennilega \u00feann sem \u00e1\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00ed athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0inni \u00e1 Vard\u00f8.<\/p>\n

\"Hagoengukilir_Lalande\"
D\u00e6miger\u00f0ur \u00feverg\u00f6nguk\u00edkir (transit instrument; Fig 174) fr\u00e1 seinni hluta \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar. Myndin er \u00far stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i Lalandes (bls. 880).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Allir sj\u00f3naukar Lievogs voru af svokalla\u00f0ri Keplersger\u00f0, \u00fea\u00f0 er linsusj\u00f3naukar<\/a> sem s\u00fdna fyrirmyndina \u00e1 hvolfi (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar h\u00e9r<\/a>, bls. 5).<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er athyglisvert, a\u00f0 \u00ed stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3kunum getur Lievog \u00feess margoft, a\u00f0 st\u00e6rsti sj\u00f3nauki hans s\u00e9 t\u00f3lf feta langur (3,77 m). \u00cd greinum um m\u00e6lingarnar nefnir Bugge hins vegar, a\u00f0 hann s\u00e9 t\u00edu fet (3,14 m). Hi\u00f0 sama segir John Baine \u00ed dagb\u00f3k sinni fr\u00e1 1789 (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar h\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir). Einnig er vita\u00f0, a\u00f0 lengsti sj\u00f3nauki Eyj\u00f3lfs J\u00f3nssonar var t\u00edu fet. \u00c9g hef ekki enn fundi\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gjandi sk\u00fdringu \u00e1 \u00feessu misr\u00e6mi, en l\u00edklegt ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 teljast, a\u00f0 Lievog hafi vita\u00f0 manna best um lengd sinna eigin sj\u00f3nauka.<\/p>\n

Ekki er fyllilega \u00e1 hreinu, hversu margir sj\u00f3naukar stj\u00f6rnumeistarans voru, \u00feegar allt er tali\u00f0. Eftir 1790 vir\u00f0ast \u00fe\u00f3 tveir t\u00f3lf feta sj\u00f3naukar hafa veri\u00f0 \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum og einnig tveir til \u00fer\u00edr a\u00f0rir, \u00feriggja (94,2 sm) og fimm til sex feta\u00a0(1,6 til 1,9 m) langir. A\u00f0 minnsta kosti tveir \u00feeirra voru svokalla\u00f0ir Dollond-sj\u00f3naukar, kenndir vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 Dollond fe\u00f0ga, John<\/a> og Peter<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"10ft_Dollond_Uppsala\"
T\u00edu feta (3,14 m) Dollond-sj\u00f3nauki, sem nota\u00f0ur var \u00ed stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0inni \u00ed Upps\u00f6lum<\/a> \u00e1 svipu\u00f0um t\u00edma og Lievog stunda\u00f0i m\u00e6lingar h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi (l\u00f3\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 undir sj\u00f3naukanum er \u00fe\u00f3 yngra). \u00c1 \u00feessum t\u00edma voru linsusj\u00f3naukar haf\u00f0ir eins langir og m\u00f6gulegt var til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 sem mestri st\u00e6kkun (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar\u00a0h\u00e9r<\/a>, bls. 6).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"4ft_Dollond_Uppsala\"
T\u00e6plega fj\u00f6gurra feta (1,2 m) Dollond-sj\u00f3nauki fr\u00e1 seinni hluta \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar. \u00deetta eintak er h\u00fdst \u00ed Upps\u00f6lum.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A\u00f0 auki nota\u00f0i Lievog b\u00e6\u00f0i lofthitam\u00e6la og loft\u00fer\u00fdstingsm\u00e6la vi\u00f0 ve\u00f0urathuganir. Til a\u00f0 kanna jar\u00f0segulsvi\u00f0i\u00f0 studdist hann vi\u00f0 tvo\u00a0\u00e1ttavita. Annar \u00feeirra m\u00e6ldi a\u00f0eins l\u00e1r\u00e9tta stefnu svi\u00f0sins, en hinn jafnframt halla \u00feess.<\/p>\n

\u00cd br\u00e9fum s\u00ednum til Bugge kvarta\u00f0i Lievog oft s\u00e1ran yfir \u00e1standi m\u00e6lit\u00e6kjanna \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum og ba\u00f0 um a\u00f0 \u00feau yr\u00f0u endurn\u00fdu\u00f0. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1788 br\u00e1st pr\u00f3fessorinn j\u00e1kv\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 og \u00ed j\u00fan\u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1r var gefin \u00fat konungstilskipun<\/a> \u00feess efnis, a\u00f0 \u00fear sem h\u00e1baugshringurinn s\u00e9 \u00fev\u00ed sem n\u00e6st \u00f3noth\u00e6fur, skuli \u00feverg\u00f6nguk\u00edkir fr\u00e1 Vard\u00f8 sendur til \u00cdslands \u00e1samt \u00feriggja feta kva\u00f0ranti, Dollond-sj\u00f3nauka og klukku. Jafnframt ver\u00f0i laun stj\u00f6rnumeistarans tv\u00f6f\u00f6ldu\u00f0 vegna i\u00f0ni hans og dugna\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

Ekki er lj\u00f3st, hven\u00e6r e\u00f0a hvort \u00f6ll t\u00e6kin komu til landsins. \u00cd fer\u00f0adagb\u00f3k<\/a> Baines segir til d\u00e6mis, a\u00f0 \u00ed heims\u00f3kn sinni til Lievogs sumari\u00f0 1789 hafi hann s\u00e9\u00f0 \u00fear eftirfarandi t\u00e6ki (bls. 84):<\/p>\n

1. Two clocks one of them standing the other going sideral time.\u00a0 2. a transit instrument the axis supported in a bad manner one of the sides not up the tops as it ought to be. The Telescope a refracting one of about 10 feet long.\u00a0 3. a Quadrant made at Copenhagen by a Swede of about 3 feet radius divided to every 10 M. with a refracting telescope of magnifying power and a micromr. that counts Seconds. the Screw very bad. These and some refractory telescopes are all his instruments I saw. It mortified me to find\u00a0\u00a0 obsevatory so ill provided, Mr. Lievog says he is to have other and better Instruments sent him from Copenhagen.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Sennilega hefur einhver hluti t\u00e6kjanna borist eftir \u00feetta, \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed f\u00e6rslu \u00ed stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3k Lievogs fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1790 er minnst \u00e1 a\u00f0 m\u00e6lingar hafi veri\u00f0 ger\u00f0ar me\u00f0 \u00feverg\u00f6nguk\u00edki.<\/p>\n

\u00cd dagb\u00f3k Sveins P\u00e1lssonar<\/a> fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1791 segir hins vegar:<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 kveldi hins 11. okt\u00f3berm\u00e1n. var \u00e9g \u00e1samt fleirum bo\u00f0inn til konungslegs stj\u00f6rnusko\u00f0ara R. Lievogs a\u00f0 Lambh\u00fasum til \u00feess a\u00f0 athuga tunglmyrka<\/a> \u00feann, er \u00fe\u00e1 var. En til allrar \u00f3g\u00e6fu g\u00e1tum vi\u00f0 hvorki s\u00e9\u00f0 upphaf n\u00e9 endi myrkvans fyrir sk\u00fdja\u00feykkni, er dr\u00f3 upp \u00e1 himininn. Stj\u00f6rnusko\u00f0arinn sk\u00fdr\u00f0i m\u00e9r fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 s\u00f3lmyrkvinn 3. apr\u00edl hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 fullkominn hringmyrkvi (central) og ve\u00f0ur hef\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 veri\u00f0 hi\u00f0 besta til athugunar \u00e1 honum [innskot EHG: sj\u00e1 mynd framarlega \u00ed \u00feessari f\u00e6rslu]<\/em>. Annars kvarta\u00f0i hann mj\u00f6g yfir \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 hann fengi engin noth\u00e6f ranns\u00f3knart\u00e6ki, enda \u00fe\u00f3tt hann beri sig \u00e1rlega upp undan \u00fev\u00ed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0.<\/span><\/h3>\n

<\/h3>\n

Hnattst\u00f6\u00f0um\u00e6lingarnar<\/span><\/strong>
\n<\/em><\/h3>\n

Eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur hefur komi\u00f0 fram, var helsti tilgangur m\u00e6linganna \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0a hnattst\u00f6\u00f0u sta\u00f0arins og \u00fe\u00e1 einkum lengdina. \u00deetta var \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0, sem t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0ist \u00ed flestum \u00f6\u00f0rum stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0vum \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma.<\/p>\n

\u00cd kennslub\u00f3k Thomasar Bugge fr\u00e1 1796, De f\u00f8rste Grunde til den sph\u00e6riske og theoretiske Astronomie, samt den mathematiske Geographie<\/a><\/span><\/span>, er fjalla\u00f0 \u00edtarlega um landfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega lengd og breidd<\/a> og hvernig m\u00e6la megi \u00feessar st\u00e6r\u00f0ir, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 sj\u00f3 og landi. Breiddarm\u00e6lingar eru til umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0um 244-46, en \u00fear sem fl\u00f3knara er a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0ra lengdina, er umfj\u00f6llunin um lengdarm\u00e6lingarnar mun vi\u00f0ameiri og m\u00f6rgum mismunandi a\u00f0fer\u00f0um l\u00fdst (bls. 261-82) .<\/p>\n

Eins og flestir a\u00f0rir samt\u00edmamenn taldi Bugge, a\u00f0\u00a0 \u00e1 \u00feurru landi v\u00e6ri best a\u00f0 notast vi\u00f0 myrkva af \u00f6llu tagi (bls. 264-68), en \u00e1<\/span><\/span> sj\u00f3\u00a0(bls. 268-282) \u00e6tti hins vegar a\u00f0 nota\u00a0m\u00e6lingar \u00e1 s\u00fdndarfjarl\u00e6g\u00f0 s\u00f3lar og fastastjarna fr\u00e1 tunglinu (sj\u00e1 einnig umfj\u00f6llun h\u00e9r<\/a> og h\u00e9r<\/a>) e\u00f0a skipsklukkur<\/a>. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed sambandi fjallar Bugge einnig lauslega um s\u00f6gu lengdarm\u00e6linga, allt til loka \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar (n\u00fdrri og \u00edtarlegri umfj\u00f6llun m\u00e1 finna h\u00e9r<\/a>, h\u00e9r<\/a> og h\u00e9r<\/a>).
\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00f6nnun \u00e1 stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3kum Lievogs og \u00feeim ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um hans, sem Bugge birti \u00e1 prenti, s\u00fdnir, a\u00f0 Lievog nota\u00f0i allar \u00fe\u00e6r stjarnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir til lengdar\u00e1kvar\u00f0ana, sem Bugge taldi heppilegastar til m\u00e6linga \u00e1 landi, einkum \u00fe\u00e6r sem bygg\u00f0u \u00e1 athugunum \u00e1 tunglmyrkvum<\/a>, myrkvum J\u00fap\u00edterstungla<\/span> og stj\u00f6rnumyrkvum<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c1\u00f0ur var minnst \u00e1 athuganir Lievogs \u00e1 tunglmyrkvanum 23. n\u00f3vember 1779 og hvernig ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar voru nota\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0a lengd Lambh\u00fasa (sj\u00e1 h\u00e9r<\/a>, bls. xcv-xcvi). \u00deetta var a\u00f0eins fyrsta tilraunin af m\u00f6rgum og \u00feegar upp var sta\u00f0i\u00f0 m\u00f6rgum \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar, reyndist endanleg hnattsta\u00f0a Lambh\u00fasa vera 64\u00b0 06\u2032 17\u2033 NB <\/strong>og 24\u00b0 24\u2032 15\u2033 VL <\/strong>(mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Par\u00eds). \u00deetta er mj\u00f6g n\u00e6rri r\u00e9ttu lagi, enda segir \u00ed br\u00e9fi Heinrichs C. Schumacher<\/a> til Pauls L\u00f8ven\u00f8rn, 25. j\u00fal\u00ed 1820 (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar h\u00e9r<\/a>), a\u00f0 lengdar\u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un Lievogs s\u00e9 \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegri en samskonar m\u00e6lingar strandm\u00e6lingamannanna Hans Frisaks (1773-1834) og Hans Jacobs Scheel (1779-1851).<\/p>\n

Bugge s\u00e1 til \u00feess, a\u00f0 helstu myrkvam\u00e6lingar Lievogs birtust \u00e1 prenti, \u00fdmist \u00ed riti Hins konunglega danska v\u00edsindaf\u00e9lags<\/em>, Skrifterne<\/a>, e\u00f0a \u00ed nokkrum af \u00feekktustu stj\u00f6rnualman\u00f6kum<\/a> \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar. H\u00e9r er listi yfir \u00fe\u00e1 birtingarsta\u00f0i, sem \u00e9g hef rekist \u00e1 til \u00feessa:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Observationes Astronomicae<\/a> (1784, bls. xciv-xcv): Tunglmyrkvi 23. n\u00f3v. 1779 – Stj\u00f6rnumyrkvi 20. mars 1780 – Tungli\u00f0 myrkvar J\u00fap\u00edter 21. ma\u00ed 1780 – Tunglmyrkvi 11. n\u00f3v 1780 – Tunglmyrkvi 18. mars 1783.<\/li>\n
  2. Berl\u00ednaralmanaki\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1787<\/a> (1784, bls. 162): Tunglmyrkvi 23. n\u00f3v. 1779 – Stj\u00f6rnumyrkvi 20. mars 1780 – Tungli\u00f0 myrkvar J\u00fap\u00edter 21. mars 1780 – Tunglmyrkvi 11. n\u00f3v 1780 – Tunglmyrkvi 18. mars 1783.<\/li>\n
  3. Berl\u00ednaralmanaki\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1790<\/a> (1787, bls. 222): N\u00edu myrkvar J\u00fap\u00edterstungla fr\u00e1 24. sept. 1785 til 10. jan. 1786 \u2013 Stj\u00f6rnumyrkvar 21. sept. 1785 og 5. mars 1786 –\u00a0 \u00deverganga Merk\u00far\u00edusar 4. ma\u00ed 1786.<\/li>\n
  4. Skrifterne<\/a> (3, 1788, bls. 328-29): T\u00f3lf myrkvar J\u00fap\u00edterstungla \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu fr\u00e1 7. \u00e1g. 1785 til 10. jan. 1786 – \u00der\u00edr stj\u00f6rnumyrkvar 1785 – \u00deverganga Merk\u00far\u00edusar 4. ma\u00ed 1786.<\/li>\n
  5. Skrifterne<\/a> (3, 1788, bls. 529-30): \u00derett\u00e1n myrkvar J\u00fap\u00edterstungla fr\u00e1 9. sept. 1786 til 5. feb. 1787 \u2013 S\u00f3lmyrkvi 15. j\u00fan\u00ed 1787.<\/li>\n
  6. Berl\u00ednaralmanaki\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1791<\/a> (1788, bls. 182): T\u00f3lf myrkvar J\u00fap\u00edterstungla fr\u00e1 9. sept. 1786 til 5. feb. 1787 – Lok s\u00f3lmyyrkva 15. j\u00fan. 1787.<\/li>\n
  7. V\u00ednaralmanaki\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1790<\/a> (1789, bls. 386-87): Tuttugu og fimm myrkvar J\u00fap\u00edterstungla fr\u00e1 7. \u00e1g. 1785 til 5. feb. 1787 – Stj\u00f6rnumyrkvar 21. sept. 1785 og 5. mars 1786 – Merk\u00far\u00edus vi\u00f0 r\u00f6nd s\u00f3lkringlunnar 4. ma\u00ed 1786 – Lok s\u00f3lmyrkva 15. j\u00fan\u00ed 1787.<\/li>\n
  8. Berl\u00ednaralmanaki\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1792<\/a> (1789, bls. 207-08): Stj\u00f6rnumyrkvi 23. okt. 1787 – Tungli\u00f0 myrkvar J\u00fap\u00edter 29. okt. 1787 – Ellefu myrkvar J\u00fap\u00edterstungla fr\u00e1 21. okt. 1787 til 21. mars 1788.<\/li>\n
  9. Par\u00edsaralmanaki\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1792<\/a> (1790, bls. 300-01): Um lengd Lambh\u00fasa.<\/li>\n
  10. V\u00ednaralmanaki\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1792<\/a> (1791, bls. 364-65): Stj\u00f6rnumyrkvi 23. okt. 1787 – Tungl myrkvar J\u00fap\u00edter 29. okt. 1787 – Tuttugu og sex myrkvar J\u00fap\u00edterstungla fr\u00e1 21. okt. til 25. des. 1789 – Stj\u00f6rnumyrkvi 22. des. 1789.<\/li>\n
  11. Berl\u00ednaralmanaki\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1797<\/a> (1794, bls. 237-38): Tunglmyrkvi 25. feb. 1793 – Hringmyrkvi \u00e1 s\u00f3lu 5. sept 1793.<\/li>\n
  12. \u00a0Magazin f\u00fcr das Neueste aus der Physik und Naturgeschichte<\/a> (1796, bls. 29-30): Tungli\u00f0 myrkvar J\u00fap\u00edter 21.mars 1780 og aftur 29. okt 1787.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 af listanum sinnti Lievog s\u00e9rlega vel athugunum \u00e1 myrkvum J\u00fap\u00edterstungla, enda t\u00f6ldu b\u00e6\u00f0i hann og Bugge, a\u00f0 sl\u00edkar m\u00e6lingar v\u00e6ru hva\u00f0 heppilegastar til lengdar\u00e1kvar\u00f0ana \u00e1 landi. S\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00e1ttu \u00feessar m\u00e6lingar stj\u00f6rnumeistarns, \u00e1samt samskonar m\u00e6lingum annarra, eftir a\u00f0 gegna \u00f6\u00f0ru en ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur mikilv\u00e6gu hlutverki vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 J\u00fap\u00edterkerfinu. Um \u00fea\u00f0 er n\u00e1nar fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed annarri f\u00e6rslu<\/span>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Misv\u00edsun \u00e1ttavita<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

    Eitt af verkefnum Lievogs stj\u00f6rnummeistara var a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 fr\u00e1viki seguln\u00e1lar fr\u00e1 r\u00e9ttu nor\u00f0ri, svokalla\u00f0ri misv\u00edsun<\/a>. Tilgangurinn var fyrst og fremst s\u00e1 a\u00f0 safna g\u00f6gnum til a\u00f0 kortleggja segulsvi\u00f0 jar\u00f0ar, me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 fyrir augum a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 nota \u00e1ttavita til lengdar\u00e1kvar\u00f0ana \u00e1 sj\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    Lievog m\u00e6ldi stefnu segulsvi\u00f0sins samviskusamlega \u00e1rum saman, en \u00e9g hef ekki leita\u00f0 a\u00f0 heimildum um \u00fea\u00f0, hvernig Bugge f\u00f3r me\u00f0 g\u00f6gnin. Hins vegar hefur hluti \u00feeirra auglj\u00f3slega borist til st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega l\u00e6rd\u00f3msmannsins Christophers Hansteen<\/a>, sem birti segulsvi\u00f0sstefnuna \u00ed Lamh\u00fasum \u00ed hinu merka riti s\u00ednu<\/a> um segulsvi\u00f0 jar\u00f0ar \u00e1ri\u00f0 1819 (sj\u00e1 bls. 1 \u00ed vi\u00f0auka). Vi\u00f0 ger\u00f0 eftirfarandi korts hefur hann og teki\u00f0 tillit til m\u00e6linganna.<\/p>\n

    \"hansteendeclinationesmag\"
    Kort Hansteens af yfirbor\u00f0ssegulsvi\u00f0i jar\u00f0ar, byggt \u00e1 s\u00f6gulegum heimildum. \u00dar kortab\u00f3k<\/a> hans fr\u00e1 1819.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Hansteen hefur a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum fengi\u00f0 m\u00e6lini\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur Lievogs hj\u00e1 Paul de L\u00f6ven\u00f6rn<\/a>, sem sj\u00e1lfur m\u00e6ldi misv\u00edsun segulsvi\u00f0s h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1786. Frakkinn Victor Raulin<\/a> birti svo s\u00f6mu g\u00f6gn og Hansteen \u00ed grein sinni<\/a> um segulsvi\u00f0 jar\u00f0ar \u00e1ri\u00f0 1866 (sj\u00e1 bls. 176 og 196-97).<\/p>\n

    \u00cd vi\u00f0auka vi\u00f0 \u00feri\u00f0ju \u00fatg\u00e1fu Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1801 er l\u00f6ng grein um segulmagn. \u00dear er a\u00f0 finna eftirfarandi klausu\u00a0(2. bindi, bls. 143): <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Mr. Lievog, royal astronomer at Bessestedt in Iceland, writes, that the great eruption from Hecla [sic]<\/em> in 1783, changed the direction of the [compass]<\/em> needle nine degrees in the immediate neighbourhood. This change was produced at a mile’s distance from the frozen lava; and it diminished to two degrees at the distance of 2.5 miles. He could not approach any nearer, on account of the heat still remaining in the lava, after an interval of 14 months.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    H\u00f6fundurinn var John Robison<\/a>, st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegur l\u00e6rd\u00f3msma\u00f0ur \u00ed Edinborg. Greinin birtist aftur, \u00f6rl\u00edti\u00f0 breytt, \u00ed fj\u00f3r\u00f0a bindi rits hans, A System of Mechanical Philosophy<\/a> fr\u00e1 1822 (klausan um Lievog er \u00fear \u00e1 bls. 311).<\/p>\n

    Lj\u00f3st er af tilvitnuninni, a\u00f0 Lievog hefur sta\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed br\u00e9faskiptum vi\u00f0 Robison. \u00dea\u00f0 kemur einnig sk\u00fdrt fram \u00ed dagb\u00f3karf\u00e6rslu<\/a> Johns Baine um heims\u00f3kn hans til stj\u00f6rnumeistarans sumari\u00f0 1789, en \u00fear segir (bls. 82-84):<\/p>\n

    Mr. Stanley proposed I should go to Bessested and deliver Prof. Robisons Letters to the Astronomer. Mr. Erasmus Lievog, at the same time deliver’d me a letter from himself to the Astronomer and got from me Prof. Robisons letter on the dipping Needle which had been in my possession. [… It also]<\/em> consists of some physical investigations Mr. R. is desirous Lievog would make Uppon the effect of the\u00a0 Sun and Moons force to raise the Tides. Uppon the effect of the Aurora borealis on the magnetic needal and pointing out the methods of experiment …<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    H\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur ekki kafa\u00f0 d\u00fdpra \u00ed \u00feetta efni, en benda m\u00e1 \u00e1 fr\u00f3\u00f0lega\u00a0 grein Le\u00f3s Kristj\u00e1nssonar<\/a> fr\u00e1 1993 um s\u00f6gu misv\u00edsunarm\u00e6linga \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Gott n\u00fdlegt yfirlit yfir s\u00f6gu segulkorta m\u00e1 svo finna h\u00e9r.<\/a><\/p>\n

    <\/h3>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Reykjav\u00edkurkort Lievogs<\/strong>
    \n<\/em><\/h3>\n

    Me\u00f0al \u00cdslendinga er Lievog sennilega \u00feekktastur fyrir uppdr\u00e1ttinn, sem hann ger\u00f0i af Reykjav\u00edk 1787, \u00e1ri\u00f0 eftir a\u00f0 b\u00e6rinn hlaut kaupsta\u00f0arr\u00e9ttindi.<\/p>\n

    \"Reykjavikurkort_Lievogs_2\"
    Kort Lievogs af Reykjav\u00edk \u00e1ri\u00f0 1787. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar h\u00e9r<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    V\u00ed\u00f0a er fjalla\u00f0 um \u00feetta kort \u00ed ritu\u00f0um heimildum um s\u00f6gu Reykjav\u00edkur, einstakra hverfa, gatna, h\u00fasa e\u00f0a sveitab\u00e6ja. S\u00e9rstaklega g\u00f3\u00f0a umfj\u00f6llun er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed sk\u00fdrslu<\/a> \u00d6nnu L\u00edsu Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttur fr\u00e1 2011 um \u00fe\u00e9ttb\u00fdlismyndun \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk \u00e1 \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld.<\/p>\n

    <\/h3>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u00d6rstutt um ve\u00f0urathuganirnar \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum<\/strong>
    \n<\/em><\/h3>\n

    Eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00e9g best veit, birti Bugge fyrstu m\u00e6lini\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur stj\u00f6rnumeistarans \u00e1 loft\u00fer\u00fdstingi, hitastigi, nor\u00f0urlj\u00f3sum og ve\u00f0urfari \u00ed ritinu Observationes Astronomicae<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1784 (bls. cxv-cxx). A\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti hef \u00e9g ekki haft fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 leita frekari heimilda fr\u00e1 \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld um ve\u00f0urathuganirnar \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum.<\/p>\n

    Svo heppilega vill til, a\u00f0 a\u00f0rir hafa gert \u00feessum m\u00e6lingum Lievogs \u00edtarleg skil. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed sambandi skal skal fyrst bent \u00e1 grein eftir\u00a0J\u00f3n Ey\u00fe\u00f3rsson<\/a> fr\u00e1 1963<\/a> (bls. 3-8). Einnig er fjalla\u00f0 um m\u00e6lingarnar \u00ed greinum Johns A. Kington<\/a> fr\u00e1 1972<\/a> (bls. 223-33) og 1975<\/a> (bls. 34-35). \u00cd fyrri greininni segir Kington um Lievog (bls. 226), a\u00f0 hann hafi veri\u00f0 \u201eone of the best meteorological observers of the eighteenth century<\/strong>\u201c.<\/p>\n

    \u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari \u00e1rum hefur oft veri\u00f0 vitna\u00f0 \u00ed ve\u00f0urm\u00e6lingar Lievogs og um \u00fe\u00e6r fjalla\u00f0, sj\u00e1 til d\u00e6mis h\u00e9r<\/a>, h\u00e9r<\/a> og h\u00e9r<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    <\/h3>\n

     <\/p>\n

    S\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1r Lievogs \u00e1 \u00cdslandi
    \n<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

    \u00c1 \u00e1runum 1793 til 1796 mun n\u00fdtt \u00edb\u00fa\u00f0arh\u00fas hafa veri\u00f0 reist \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum fyrir Lievog og konu hans (sj\u00e1 reikninga og br\u00e9f h\u00e9r<\/a>, bls. 31-44). \u00deegar n\u00e6r dr\u00f3 aldam\u00f3tum f\u00f3r \u00fe\u00f3 mikilv\u00e6gi Lambh\u00fasast\u00f6\u00f0varinnar mj\u00f6g dv\u00ednandi og me\u00f0 \u201estrandm\u00e6lingunum s\u00ed\u00f0ari<\/a>\u201c \u00e1ri\u00f0 1801 h\u00f3fst n\u00fdtt skei\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00f6gu hnattst\u00f6\u00f0um\u00e6linga og kortager\u00f0ar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi.<\/p>\n

    Undir \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0asta voru m\u00e6lit\u00e6ki Lievogs or\u00f0in mj\u00f6g l\u00fain og \u00feau fengust ekki endurn\u00fdju\u00f0. S\u00ed\u00f0asta stjarnm\u00e6lingab\u00f3k stj\u00f6rnumeistarans, sem \u00e9g veit um, er fr\u00e1 1796.<\/p>\n

    \u00cd \u00e1rsyfirliti (anniversia) Sveins P\u00e1lssonar<\/a> fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1797 segir me\u00f0al annars:<\/p>\n

    \u00c6tli k\u00f3ngurinn geti ekki unni\u00f0 v\u00edsindunum meira gagn me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 stofna h\u00e9r emb\u00e6tti fyrir n\u00e1tt\u00farufr\u00e6\u00f0ing, er jafnframt ger\u00f0i ve\u00f0urathuganir o. s. frv., en me\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnum\u00e6lingunum \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum, sem vir\u00f0ast fremur gagnslitlar?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    H\u00e9r \u00f6rlar \u00e1 sm\u00e1 beiskju hj\u00e1 Sveini, en v\u00edst er, a\u00f0 um aldam\u00f3tin 1800 vir\u00f0ast margir \u00cdslendingar hafa tali\u00f0, a\u00f0 l\u00edti\u00f0 gagn v\u00e6ri af st\u00f6rfum Lievogs stj\u00f6rnumeistara.<\/p>\n

    Eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur er geti\u00f0 l\u00e9st eiginkona Lievogs, Hedvig Andrea, \u00ed \u00e1rsbyrjun 1805 og sk\u00f6mmu s\u00ed\u00f0ar fluttist stj\u00f6rnumeistarinn alfarinn til Kaupmannahafnar. \u00dear d\u00f3 hann \u00ed desember 1811. Ekki er vita\u00f0, hven\u00e6r stj\u00f6rnuturn hans \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum var rifinn.<\/p>\n

    <\/h3>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Hva\u00f0 var\u00f0 um m\u00e6lit\u00e6kin?<\/strong>
    \n<\/em><\/span><\/h3>\n

    Sama \u00e1r og Lievog f\u00f3r fr\u00e1 \u00cdslandi h\u00f3fst kennsla \u00ed Bessasta\u00f0ask\u00f3la<\/a> og fimmt\u00e1n \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar h\u00f3f Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson<\/a> \u00fear st\u00f6rf sem kennari \u00ed st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum l\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistum.<\/p>\n

    \u00c1ri\u00f0 1823 var turninn \u00e1\u00a0Bessasta\u00f0akirkju<\/a> loks fullsm\u00ed\u00f0a\u00f0ur og Bj\u00f6rn f\u00e9kk \u00e1huga \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6ma \u00fear stjarnm\u00e6lingar af svipu\u00f0u tagi og Lievog haf\u00f0i \u00e1\u00f0ur stunda\u00f0 \u00ed Lambh\u00fasum.<\/p>\n

    \"BG+Bessast_2\"
    Til vinstri: Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson 71 \u00e1rs gamall \u00e1ri\u00f0 1859 (teikning eftir Sigur\u00f0 Gu\u00f0mundsson). Til h\u00e6gri: Bessasta\u00f0ask\u00f3li og Bessasta\u00f0akirkja \u00e1ri\u00f0 1834 (\u00far fer\u00f0ab\u00f3k Johns Barrow).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Hann sendi \u00fev\u00ed erindi \u00feess efnis til yfirvalda \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn, \u00e1samt\u00a0fyrirspurn um t\u00e6kjab\u00fana\u00f0 Lievogs. Svar<\/a> stj\u00f3rnarinnar barst \u00ed n\u00f3vember 1824. \u00dear var hugmyndum Bj\u00f6rns um stjarnm\u00e6lingar alg\u00f6rlega hafna\u00f0 og sagt, a\u00f0 ekkert s\u00e9 vita\u00f0 um \u00f6rl\u00f6g Lambh\u00fasat\u00e6kjanna. Ekki var\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00far \u00feessum \u00e1formum um \u00e1framhaldandi stj\u00f6rnuathugunar \u00e1 \u00c1lftanesi. \u00dea\u00f0 kom \u00fe\u00f3 ekki a\u00f0 s\u00f6k, \u00fev\u00ed Bj\u00f6rn Gunnlaugsson<\/a> haf\u00f0i \u00ed n\u00f3gu \u00f6\u00f0ru a\u00f0 sn\u00faast.<\/p>\n

    \"Mynd_Lacaille\"
    Gy\u00f0ja stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0innar, \u00daran\u00eda<\/a>, lei\u00f0beinir ker\u00fabum vi\u00f0 athuganir \u00e1 s\u00f3lmyrkva. Hin fornu stjarnm\u00e6lingat\u00e6ki \u00feeirra Eyj\u00f3lfs og Lievogs eru vonandi \u00ed g\u00f3\u00f0u \u00e1sigkomulagi og \u00ed fullri notkun \u00ed \u00e1l\u00edka verndu\u00f0u umhverfi. Myndin er \u00far stj\u00f6rnualmanaki<\/a> Frakkans Lacailles<\/a> fr\u00e1 1755.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n

    Vi\u00f0b\u00f3t 1<\/strong> (23. apr\u00edl 2018). \u00c9g \u00feakka Trausta J\u00f3nssyni ve\u00f0urfr\u00e6\u00f0ingi fyrir eftirfarandi athugasemd: \u201e<\/span>\u00c9g hef nokku\u00f0 sinnt ve\u00f0urm\u00e6lingum Rasmusar – en var\u00f0veisla hinna eiginlegu daglegu m\u00e6linga n\u00e6r til styttri t\u00edma en r\u00e1\u00f0a m\u00e6tti af grein \u00feinni. \u00dea\u00f0 eru a\u00f0eins t\u00edmabili\u00f0 \u00e1g\u00fast 1779 til og me\u00f0 j\u00fan\u00ed 1785 og allt \u00e1ri\u00f0 1789 sem hafa var\u00f0veist. T\u00f6flur um m\u00e1na\u00f0arleg \u00fatgildi hita og loft\u00fer\u00fdstings, fj\u00f6lda \u00farkomudaga og \u00feess h\u00e1ttar eru til fyrir f\u00e1ein \u00e1r til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar – og au\u00f0vita\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feeim a\u00f0 gr\u00e6\u00f0a – en samt miklu minna en af hinum daglegu f\u00e6rslum. \u00dea\u00f0 sem erfi\u00f0ast er a\u00f0 f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 var\u00f0andi \u00farvinnslu hitam\u00e6linganna er a\u00f0 fleiri en einn m\u00e6lir koma vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu \u00ed gegnum t\u00ed\u00f0ina – Lievog skr\u00e1ir ekki aflestur af \u00feeim beint – heldur lei\u00f0r\u00e9ttir m\u00e6lanna eins og hann heldur a\u00f0 s\u00e9 vi\u00f0 h\u00e6fi og \u00e1 t\u00edmabili breytir hann Fahrenheit \u00ed Reaumur. Me\u00f0 samanbur\u00f0i \u00e1 t\u00ed\u00f0ni regns og sn\u00e6var vi\u00f0 mismunandi hita kemur \u00ed lj\u00f3s erfitt misr\u00e6mi \u00ed m\u00e6lir\u00f6\u00f0inni – h\u00fan er mj\u00f6g gagnleg, en ekki eins gagnleg og h\u00fan g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 hef\u00f0i hann gert betur grein fyrir lei\u00f0r\u00e9ttingunum – auk \u00feess a\u00f0 geta \u00feess hva\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var sem hann raunverulega las.<\/em>\u201c<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

    Vi\u00f0b\u00f3t 2<\/strong> (25. apr\u00edl 2018). Eftir a\u00f0 hafa r\u00e1\u00f0f\u00e6rt mig vi\u00f0 Trausta \u00e1kva\u00f0 \u00e9g a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta \u00feessari mynd vi\u00f0. H\u00fan mun s\u00fdna Lambh\u00fas eins og b\u00e6rinn leit \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 1836, r\u00famum \u00ferj\u00e1t\u00edu \u00e1rum eftir a\u00f0 Lievog f\u00f3r \u00far landi.
    \n<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"\"
    \u201eLambh\u00fas \u00e1 \u00c1lftanesi me\u00f0 leifum athugunarst\u00f6\u00f0var Lievogs.\u201c Mynd eftir franska m\u00e1larann Auguste Mayer<\/a>. \u00dar b\u00f3kinni \u00cdslandsmyndir Mayers 1836<\/a>. Sj\u00e1 einnig myndina, eins og h\u00fan l\u00edtur \u00fat \u00ed fer\u00f0ab\u00f3k Gaimards<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Vi\u00f0b\u00f3t 3<\/strong> (25. okt\u00f3ber 2018). \u00cd morgun birtist fr\u00e9tt \u00e1 mbl.is um\u00a0 n\u00fdjar fornleifaranns\u00f3knir vi\u00f0 heimkeyrsluna a\u00f0 Bessast\u00f6\u00f0um<\/a>.*<\/sup>\u00a0 <\/em><\/span>Umfj\u00f6llunin \u00ed prent\u00fatg\u00e1fu bla\u00f0sins er heldur lengri og \u00fear segir \u00ed lokin: <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

    Me\u00f0al annars fannst grunnur timburh\u00fass sem \u00feykir ekki \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 s\u00e9 hinn s\u00f6gufr\u00e6gi stj\u00f6rnuturn \u00e1 Lambh\u00fasum og er fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed lok 18. aldar.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    \u00deetta \u00feykja m\u00e9r merkilegar fr\u00e9ttir. Hvernig v\u00e6ri n\u00fa a\u00f0 reisa \u00fearna minnismerki um fyrstu stj\u00f6rnuathugunarst\u00f6\u00f0ina sem reist var \u00e1 \u00cdslandi?
    \n<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

    * H\u00e9r eru eldri fr\u00e9ttir (sem fari\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0u framhj\u00e1 m\u00e9r) um \u00feennan merka uppgr\u00f6ft: visir.is, 23. \u00e1g\u00fast 2018,<\/a>\u00a0 mbl.is, 11. sept. 2018<\/a> (\u00ed prent\u00fatg\u00e1fu bla\u00f0sins \u00feennan dag birtist heils\u00ed\u00f0ugrein um efni\u00f0 \u00e1 bls. 6) og ruv.is, 13. sept. 2018<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u00cd lok f\u00e6rslu um Eyj\u00f3lf J\u00f3nsson stj\u00f6rnumeistara var sagt fr\u00e1 a\u00f0dragandanum a\u00f0 komu eftirmanns hans, Rasmusar Lievog, til \u00cdslands hausti\u00f0 1779. Lievog starfa\u00f0i h\u00e9r vi\u00f0 v\u00e6gast sagt erfi\u00f0ar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00ed r\u00faman aldarfj\u00f3r\u00f0ung, e\u00f0a til \u00e1rsins 1805, \u00feegar hann fluttist alfarinn til Kaupmannahafnar, sext\u00edu og sj\u00f6 \u00e1ra gamall. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00far m\u00e6lingum og athugunum Lievogs, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,4,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-80","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-atjanda-oldin","category-edlisfraedi","category-stjornufraedi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=80"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=80"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=80"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=80"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}