{"id":9585,"date":"2019-09-09T08:02:17","date_gmt":"2019-09-09T08:02:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/einar\/?p=9585"},"modified":"2019-09-09T08:02:17","modified_gmt":"2019-09-09T08:02:17","slug":"h-c-orsted-bein-og-obein-ahrif-hans-a-islendinga-og-upphaf-kennslu-i-edlisfraedi-og-stjornufraedi-vid-reykjavikurskola","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wizardly-antonelli.176-10-35-210.plesk.page\/?p=9585","title":{"rendered":"H. C. \u00d6rsted, bein og \u00f3bein \u00e1hrif hans \u00e1 \u00cdslendinga og upphaf kennslu \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Reykjav\u00edkursk\u00f3la"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c1 fyrri hluta n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu aldar voru \u00fe\u00e6r greinar, sem vi\u00f0 \u00ed dag k\u00f6llum hugv\u00edsindi, allsr\u00e1\u00f0andi \u00ed d\u00f6nsku sk\u00f3lakerfi. Raunv\u00edsindi voru almennt \u00ed bakgrunni og yfirleitt a\u00f0eins kennd \u00fear sem a\u00f0sta\u00f0a og n\u00e6g \u00feekking var fyrir hendi. Sem \u00f6fgakennt d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 nefna, a\u00f0 st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i var fyrst kennd \u00ed Bessasta\u00f0ask\u00f3la<\/a> eftir heimkomu Bj\u00f6rns Gunnlaugssonar<\/a> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1822 og frekari raunv\u00edsindakennsla var\u00f0 a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a \u00feanga\u00f0 til Reykjav\u00edkursk\u00f3li<\/a> t\u00f3k til starfa hausti\u00f0 1846. \u00dear var Bj\u00f6rn enn \u00e1 fer\u00f0inni og e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ina kenndi hann fr\u00e1 upphafi og allt til vorsins 1862, \u00feegar hann l\u00e9t af st\u00f6rfum og a\u00f0rir t\u00f3ku vi\u00f0. Stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0ina h\u00f3f hann hins vegar ekki a\u00f0 kenna fyrr en sk\u00f3la\u00e1ri\u00f0 1853-54, eins og n\u00e1nar ver\u00f0ur sagt fr\u00e1 h\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir.<\/p>\n

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M\u00e1lverk J\u00f3ns Helgasonar af\u00a0 Reykjav\u00edkursk\u00f3la og umhverfi hans um 1850. Lengst til h\u00e6gri glittir \u00ed Tj\u00f6rnina og efst \u00e1 holtinu \u00fear fyrir ofan m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 sk\u00f3lav\u00f6r\u00f0una bera vi\u00f0 himin.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 var ekki tilviljun, a\u00f0 raungreinakennsla h\u00f3fst \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. Sk\u00f6mmu fyrir mi\u00f0ja n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld f\u00f3ru yfirv\u00f6ld \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku a\u00f0 huga a\u00f0 n\u00fdskipan kennslu \u00ed l\u00e6r\u00f0um sk\u00f3lum. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1845 var \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 leyfa nokkrum sk\u00f3lum a\u00f0 kenna \u00ed tilraunaskyni sama n\u00e1msefni \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i og lesi\u00f0 var undir anna\u00f0 l\u00e6rd\u00f3mspr\u00f3f<\/a> (Anden Examen) vi\u00f0 Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la. \u00dea\u00f0 gafst n\u00e6gjanlega vel til \u00feess, a\u00f0 \u00feessi n\u00fdskipan var sm\u00e1m saman innleidd \u00ed alla l\u00e6r\u00f0a sk\u00f3la \u00ed r\u00edkinu, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00ed Reykjav\u00edkursk\u00f3la. Ef nemendur st\u00f3\u00f0ust pr\u00f3f \u00ed \u00feessum greinum vi\u00f0 fyrsta l\u00e6rd\u00f3mspr\u00f3f (Examen artium; st\u00fadentspr\u00f3f), \u00feurftu \u00feeir ekki a\u00f0 sinna \u00feeim frekar en \u00feeir vildu vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann. Breytingunum lauk a\u00f0 fullu 1850, sama \u00e1ri\u00f0 og St\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i- og n\u00e1tt\u00faruv\u00edsindasvi\u00f0<\/a> (Det matematisk-naturvidenskabelige Fakultet) var loks stofna\u00f0 vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn.<\/p>\n

Fyrir 1850 h\u00f6f\u00f0u e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i veri\u00f0 skyldugreinar fyrir alla nemendur Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la, sem gengu undir anna\u00f0 l\u00e6rd\u00f3mspr\u00f3f, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00cdslendinga. Kennslan \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00f6ndum Hans Christians \u00d6rsted<\/a> allt fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1806, og hann var jafnframt einn helsti hvatama\u00f0urinn a\u00f0 hinu breytta fyrirkomulagi vi\u00f0 l\u00e6r\u00f0u sk\u00f3lana og H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann. \u00deess m\u00e1 og geta, a\u00f0 \u00d6rsted var rektor H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans, \u00feegar breytinginn \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0. Hann var og n\u00fdb\u00fainn a\u00f0 gefa \u00fat verki\u00f0 Naturl\u00e6rens mechaniske Deel<\/a> (1844), sem \u00e6tla\u00f0 var til kennslu \u00ed aflfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 l\u00e6r\u00f0a sk\u00f3la \u00ed Danaveldi, Hafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la og Fj\u00f6llistask\u00f3lann. \u00dea\u00f0 rit var\u00f0 fyrir valinu \u00e1ri\u00f0 1846 sem fyrsta kennslub\u00f3kin \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem kennd var \u00ed \u00edslenskum sk\u00f3la.<\/p>\n

\u00c1\u00f0ur en n\u00e1nar ver\u00f0ur r\u00e6tt um raungreinakennsluna \u00ed Reykjav\u00edkursk\u00f3la, er \u00e6tlunin a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0eins meira fr\u00e1 \u00d6rsted og verkum hans. H\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00f3 eing\u00f6ngu fjalla\u00f0 um atri\u00f0i, sem f\u00e6rsluh\u00f6fundur telur skipta mestu fyrir okkur \u00cdslendinga. \u00deeim, sem vilja kafa d\u00fdpra, ver\u00f0ur jafnframt bent \u00e1 gagnlegar heimildir um \u00e6vi og st\u00f6rf \u00feessa merka v\u00edsindamanns.<\/p>\n

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M\u00e1lverk C. W. Eckersbergs fr\u00e1 1822 af H. C. \u00d6rsted (1777-1851). Auk \u00d6rsteds eru \u00e1 myndinni \u00fdmsir hlutir, sem tengjast ranns\u00f3knum hans: \u00cd bakgrunni vinstra megin er rafhla\u00f0a<\/a>, en til h\u00e6gri er v\u00f6kva\u00fer\u00fdstingsm\u00e6lir<\/a>. \u00c1 bor\u00f0inu \u00ed ne\u00f0ra horninu til h\u00e6gri eru seguln\u00e1l og fi\u00f0lubogi. Boginn er nota\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 strj\u00faka ja\u00f0arinn \u00e1 dufti \u00feakinni pl\u00f6tu, eins og \u00feeirri sem \u00d6rsted heldur \u00e1. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 koma fram svokalla\u00f0ar Chladni-myndir<\/a> (sj\u00e1 einnig h\u00e9r<\/a>). Seguln\u00e1lin og rafhla\u00f0an tengjast hins vegar hinni miklu uppg\u00f6tvun \u00d6rsteds \u00e1 segul\u00e1hrifum rafsstraums \u00e1ri\u00f0 1820.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Eftirtalin rit gefa mj\u00f6g gott yfirlit yfir \u00e6vi og st\u00f6rf \u00d6rsteds, ranns\u00f3knir hans og heimspeki:<\/p>\n